List of astronauts by name

百度 3月20日，习近平在人大闭幕会上发表了重要讲话。

This is an alphabetical list of astronauts, people selected to train for a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

For a list of everyone who has flown in space, see List of space travelers by name.

More than 600 people have been trained as astronauts. Until recently, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the advent of suborbital flight starting with privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.

While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who trains for travel into space—including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists—this article lists only professional astronauts, those who have been selected to train professionally. This includes national space programs, industry and commercial space programs which train and/or hire their own professional astronauts.

The flags indicate the astronaut's primary citizenship during his or her time as an astronaut. The symbol identifies female astronauts. The symbol △ indicates astronauts who have left low Earth orbit. The symbol ▲ indicates astronauts who have walked on the Moon. The symbol ? indicates astronauts who have died in incidents related to a space program.

A

Joseph M. Acaba (1967–) — STS-119, Soyuz TMA-04M, Soyuz MS-06
Loren Acton (1936–) — STS-51-F
Mike Adams (1930–1967) ? — Died during X-15 Flight 191 when he lost control and his aircraft broke up.
James Adamson (1946–) — STS-28, STS-43
Viktor M. Afanasyev — Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-29, Soyuz TM-33/32
Aydyn Aimbetov — Soyuz TMA-18M
Thomas Akers — STS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79
Vladimir Aksyonov — Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2
Buzz Aldrin △▲ — Gemini 12, Apollo 11. Second person to walk on the Moon.
Aleksandar Panayotov Aleksandrov — Soyuz TM-5
Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov — Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-3
Ali AlQarni — Axiom Mission 2
Andrew M. Allen — STS-46, STS-62, STS-75
Joseph P. Allen — STS-5, STS-51-A
Michael Alsbury ? — Commercial astronaut, died when the VSS Enterprise broke up during a test flight.
Christopher Altman — NASA-trained commercial astronaut, Association of Spaceflight Professionals 2011^[1]^[2]
Scott Altman — STS-90, STS-106, STS-109, STS-125
Pablo álvarez Fernández — No flights. 2022 ESA Astronaut group.
William Anders (1933–2024) △ — Apollo 8
Clayton Anderson — STS-117/120, STS-131
Michael P. Anderson (1959–2003) ? — STS-89. Died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when it disintegrated during re-entry (STS-107).
- (Claudie André-Deshays – see Claudie Haigneré)
Dominic A. Antonelli — STS-119, STS-132
Jerome Apt — STS-37, STS-47, STS-59, STS-79
Lee Archambault — STS-117, STS-119
Neil Armstrong (1930–2012) △▲ — Gemini 8, Apollo 11. First person to walk on the Moon.^[3]^[4]
Anousheh Ansari — Soyuz TMA-9
Hayley Arceneaux — Inspiration4
Oleg Artemyev — Soyuz TMA-12M, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-21
Richard R. Arnold — STS-119, Soyuz MS-08
Anatoly Artsebarsky — Soyuz TM-12
Yuri Artyukhin (1930–1998) — Soyuz 14
Jeffrey Ashby — STS-93, STS-100, STS-112
Oleg Atkov — Soyuz T-10/11
Toktar Aubakirov — Soyuz TM-13/12
Serena M. Au?ón-Chancellor — Soyuz MS-09, Expedition 56/57
Sergei Avdeyev — Soyuz TM-15, Soyuz TM-22
Nichole Ayers — SpaceX Crew-10

B

James P. Bagian, M.D. — STS-29, STS-40
Ellen S. Baker, M.D. — STS-34, STS-50, STS-71
Michael Baker — STS-43, STS-52, STS-68, STS-81
Aleksandr Balandin — Soyuz TM-9
Michael R. Barratt, M.D. — Soyuz TMA-14, STS-133, SpaceX Crew-8
Rayyanah Barnawi — Axiom Mission 2
Kayla Barron— SpaceX Crew-3
Daniel Barry — STS-72, STS-96, STS-105
John-David F. Bartoe — STS-51-F
Charlie Bassett (1931–1966) — No flights. Originally assigned to Gemini 9.
Yuri Baturin — Soyuz TM-28/27, Soyuz TM-32/31
Patrick Baudry — STS-51-G
Alan Bean (1932–2018) △▲ — Apollo 12, Skylab 3
Robert L. Behnken — STS-123, STS-130, Crew Dragon Demo-2
Ivan Bella — Soyuz TM-29/28
Pavel Belyayev (1925–1970) — Voskhod 2
Katherine Bennell-Pegg — No flights
Georgi Beregovoi (1921–1995) — Soyuz 3
Anatoli Berezovoy (1942–2014) — Soyuz T-5/7
Brian Binnie — SpaceShipOne flight 17P
John Blaha — STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/81
Michael J. Bloomfield — STS-86, STS-97, STS-110
Guion Bluford — STS-8, STS-61-A, STS-39, STS-53
Karol Bobko (1937–2023) — STS-6, STS-51-D, STS-51-J
Eric A. Boe — STS-126, STS-133
Charles Bolden — STS-61-C, STS-31, STS-45, STS-60
Roberta Bondar, M.D. — STS-42
Valentin Bondarenko (1937–1961) ? — No flights. Died from a training-related fire accident.
Andrei Borisenko — Soyuz TMA-21, Soyuz MS-02
Konstantin Borisov — SpaceX Crew-7
Frank Borman (1928–2023) △ — Gemini 7, Apollo 8
Stephen G. Bowen — STS-126, STS-132, STS-133, SpaceX Crew-6
Kenneth Bowersox — STS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82, STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1
Charles E. Brady Jr., M.D. (1951–2006) — STS-78
Vance Brand — Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS-41-B, STS-35
Daniel Brandenstein — STS-8, STS-51-G, STS-32, STS-49
Randolph Bresnik — STS-129, Soyuz MS-05
Roy Bridges — STS-51-F
Curtis Brown — STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95, STS-103
David M. Brown (1956–2003) ? — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
Mark Brown — STS-28, STS-48
James Buchli — STS-51-C, STS-61-A, STS-29, STS-48
Jay C. Buckey, M.D. — STS-90
Nikolai Budarin — STS-71/Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-27, STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1
John S. Bull (1934–2008) — No flights.
Daniel Burbank — STS-106, STS-115, Soyuz TMA-22
Daniel Bursch — STS-51, STS-68, STS-77, STS-108/111
Valery Bykovsky (1934–2019) — Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31/29

C

Robert D. Cabana — STS-41, STS-53, STS-65, STS-88
Yvonne Cagle, M.D. — No flights.
Cai Xuzhe — Shenzhou 14, Shenzhou 19
Fernando Caldeiro (1958–2009) — No flights.
Charles Camarda — STS-114
Kenneth D. Cameron — STS-37, STS-56, STS-74
Zena Cardman — SpaceX Crew-11
Duane G. Carey — STS-109
Scott Carpenter (1925–2013) — Mercury 7^[5]
Gerald Carr (1932–2020) — Skylab 4
Sonny Carter, M.D. (1947–1991) — STS-33
John Casper — STS-36, STS-54, STS-62, STS-77
Josh Cassada — SpaceX Crew-5
Christopher Cassidy — STS-127, Soyuz TMA-08M, Soyuz MS-16
Robert J. Cenker — STS-61-C
Eugene Cernan (1934–2017) △▲ — Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo 17
Roger B. Chaffee (1935–1967) ? — Died in the Apollo 1 fire accident.
Gregory Chamitoff — STS-124/126, STS-134
Franklin Chang-Diaz — STS-61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75, STS-91, STS-111
Philip K. Chapman — No flights.
Raja Chari — SpaceX Crew-3
Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003) ? — STS-87. Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107).
Maurizio Cheli — STS-75
Chen Dong — Shenzhou 11, Shenzhou 14, Shenzhou 20.
Chen Quan — No flights. Backup for Shenzhou 7.
Chen Zhongrui — Shenzhou 20
Leroy Chiao — STS-65, STS-72, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-5
Kevin P. Chilton — STS-49, STS-59, STS-76
Jean-Loup Chrétien — Soyuz T-6, Soyuz TM-7/6, STS-86
Nikolai Chub — Soyuz MS-24/MS-25
Laurel B. Clark, M.D. (1961–2003) ? — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
Mary L. Cleave (1947–2023) — STS-61-B, STS-30
Jean-Fran?ois Clervoy, EAC — STS-66, STS-84, STS-103
Michael R. Clifford (1952–2021) — STS-53, STS-59, STS-76
Michael Coats — STS-41-D, STS-29, STS-39
Kenneth Cockrell — STS-56, STS-69, STS-80, STS-98, STS-111
Catherine Coleman — STS-73, STS-93, Soyuz TMA-20
Eileen Collins — STS-63, STS-84, STS-93, STS-114
Michael Collins (1930–2021) △ — Gemini 10, Apollo 11
Charles "Pete" Conrad (1930–1999) △▲ — Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, Skylab 2
Gordon Cooper (1927–2004) — Mercury 9, Gemini 5
Richard O. Covey — STS-51-I, STS-26, STS-38, STS-61
Timothy Creamer — Soyuz TMA-17
John O. Creighton — STS-51-G, STS-36, STS-48
Robert Crippen — STS-1, STS-7, STS-41-C, STS-41-G
Samantha Cristoforetti — Soyuz TMA-15M, SpaceX Crew-4
Roger K. Crouch — STS-83, STS-94
Frank L. Culbertson Jr. — STS-38, STS-51, STS-105/108
Walter Cunningham (1932–2023)— Apollo 7
Robert Curbeam — STS-85, STS-98, STS-116
Nancy J. Currie — STS-57, STS-70, STS-88, STS-109

D

Bill Dana (1930–2014) — X-15 flights 174 and 197
Nancy Jan Davis — STS-47, STS-60, STS-85
Lawrence J. DeLucas — STS-50
Frank De Winne — Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34, Soyuz TMA-15
Deng Qingming — Shenzhou 15
Vladimir N. Dezhurov — Soyuz TM-21/STS-71
Georgi Dobrovolski (1928–1971) ? — Died in the Soyuz 11 reentry depressurisation
Takao Doi — STS-87, STS-123
Matthew Dominick — SpaceX Crew-8
B. Alvin Drew — STS-118, STS-133
Pyotr Dubrov — Soyuz MS-18, Soyuz MS-19
Brian Duffy — STS-45, STS-57, STS-72, STS-92
Charles Duke △▲ — Apollo 16
Bonnie J. Dunbar — STS-61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71, STS-89
Alexander Dunlap — APS STS-90
Pedro Duque — STS-95, Soyuz TMA-3/2
Samuel T. Durrance (1943–2023) — STS-35, STS-67
James Dutton — STS-131
Lev Dyomin (1926–1998) — Soyuz 15
Tracy Caldwell Dyson — STS-118, Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz MS-25
Vladimir Dzhanibekov — Soyuz 27/26, Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-12, Soyuz T-13

E

Joe Edwards — STS-89
Donn F. Eisele (1930–1987) — Apollo 7
Anthony W. England — STS-51-F
Joe H. Engle (1932–2024) — X-15 flights 138, 143, and 153, STS-2, STS-51-I
Jeanette J. Epps — SpaceX Crew-8
Ronald Evans (1933–1990) △ — Apollo 17
Reinhold Ewald — Soyuz TM-25/24
Léopold Eyharts, EAC — Soyuz TM-27/26, STS-122/123
/ Eiman Jahangir—Sub-orbital spaceflight

F

John Fabian — STS-7, STS-51-G
Muhammed Faris — Soyuz TM-3/2
Bertalan Farkas — Soyuz 36/35
Jean-Jacques Favier — STS-78
Andrey Fedyaev — SpaceX Crew-6
Fei Junlong — Shenzhou 6, Shenzhou 15
Konstantin Feoktistov (1926–2009) — Voskhod 1
Christopher Ferguson — STS-115, STS-126, STS-135
Martin J. Fettman — STS-58
Andrew J. Feustel — STS-125, STS-134, Soyuz MS-08
Anatoly Filipchenko — Soyuz 7, Soyuz 16
Michael Fincke — Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-13, STS-134, SpaceX Crew-11
John L. Finley (1935–2006) — No flights. Trained for the MOL program.
Jack D. Fischer — Soyuz MS-04
Anna Lee Fisher, M.D. — STS-51-A
William Frederick Fisher, M.D. — STS-51-I
Klaus-Dietrich Flade — Soyuz TM-14/13
Michael Foale — STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/86, STS-103, Soyuz TMA-3
Kevin A. Ford — STS-128, Soyuz TMA-06M
Michael Foreman — STS-123, STS-129
Patrick Forrester — STS-105, STS-117, STS-128
Michael Fossum — STS-121, STS-124, Soyuz TMA-02M
Ted Freeman (1930–1964) — No flights
Stephen Frick — STS-110, STS-122
Dirk Frimout — STS-45
Christer Fuglesang — STS-116, STS-128
Gordon Fullerton (1936–2013) — STS-3, STS-51-F
Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995) — STS-61-A
Satoshi Furukawa — Soyuz TMA-02M, SpaceX Crew-7

G

F. Drew Gaffney, M.D. — STS-40
Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968)? — Vostok 1. First person in space. Died in a training flight.
Ronald Garan — STS-124, Soyuz TMA-21
Dale Gardner (1948–2014) — STS-8, STS-51-A
Guy Gardner — STS-27, STS-35
Sara García Alonso — No flights. 2022 ESA Astronaut group.
Marc Garneau — STS-41-G, STS-77, STS-97
Owen Garriott (1930–2019) — Skylab 3, STS-9
Charles Gemar — STS-38, STS-48, STS-62
Michael Gernhardt — STS-69, STS-83, STS-94, STS-104
Alexander Gerst — Soyuz TMA-13M, Soyuz MS-09
Alper Gezeravc? — Axiom Mission 3
Edward Gibson — Skylab 4
Robert L. Gibson — STS-41-B, STS-61-C, STS-27, STS-47, STS-71
Yuri Gidzenko — Soyuz TM-22, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102, Soyuz TM-34/Soyuz TM-33
Sarah Gillis — Polaris Dawn
Ed Givens (1930–1967) — No flights. NASA group 5.
Yuri Glazkov (1939–2008) — Soyuz 24
John Glenn (1921–2016) — Mercury 6, STS-95
Victor Glover — SpaceX Crew-1
Linda Godwin — STS-37, STS-59, STS-76, STS-108
Michael T. Good — STS-125, STS-132
Viktor Gorbatko — Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37/36
Aleksandr Gorbunov — SpaceX Crew-9
Richard Gordon (1929–2017) △ — Gemini 11, Apollo 12
Dominic Gorie — STS-91, STS-99, STS-108, STS-123
Ronald Grabe — STS-51-J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57
Duane Graveline, M.D. (1931–2016) — No flights
Alexander Grebenkin — SpaceX Crew-8
Georgi Grechko (1931–2017) — Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26/27, Soyuz T-14/13
Frederick Gregory — STS-51-B, STS-33, STS-44
William Gregory — STS-67
David Griggs (1939–1989) — STS-51-D
Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom (1926–1967) ? — Mercury-Redstone 4, Gemini 3. Died in the Apollo 1 fire accident.
John Grunsfeld — STS-67, STS-81, STS-103, STS-109, STS-125
Aleksei Gubarev — Soyuz 17, Soyuz 28
Gui Haichao — Shenzhou 16
Umberto Guidoni — STS-75, STS-100
Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa — Soyuz 39
Sidney Gutierrez — STS-40, STS-59

H

Chris Hadfield — STS-74, STS-100, Expedition 34, Expedition 35, Soyuz TMA-07M
Nick Hague — Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12, SpaceX Crew-9
Claudie Haigneré, EAC — Soyuz TM-24/23, Soyuz TM-33/32
Jean-Pierre Haigneré, EAC — Soyuz TM-17/16, Soyuz TM-29
Fred Haise △ — Apollo 13
James Halsell — STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94, STS-101
Kenneth Ham — STS-124, STS-132
Christina Hammock Koch — Soyuz MS-12/Soyuz MS-13 (Expedition 59/60/61). A member of the first all-female EVA team.
Lloyd Hammond — STS-39, STS-64
Jeremy Hansen — No flights
Gregory Harbaugh — STS-39, STS-54, STS-71, STS-82
Bernard A. Harris Jr. — STS-55, STS-63
Terry Hart — STS-41-C
Henry Hartsfield (1933–2014) — STS-4, STS-41-D, STS-61-A
Frederick Hauck — STS-7, STS-51-A, STS-26
Steven Hawley — STS-41-D, STS-61-C, STS-31, STS-82, STS-93
Susan Helms — STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101, STS-102/105
Karl Henize (1926–1993) — STS-51-F
Thomas Hennen — STS-44
Terence Henricks — STS-44, STS-55, STS-70, STS-78
Miros?aw Hermaszewski — Soyuz 30
José M. Hernández — STS-128
John Herrington — STS-113
Richard Hieb — STS-39, STS-49, STS-65
Joan Higginbotham — STS-116
David Hilmers — STS-51-J, STS-26, STS-36, STS-42
Robert Hines — SpaceX Crew-4 (2022)
Kathryn Hire — STS-90, STS-130
Charles Hobaugh — STS-104, STS-118, STS-129
Warren Hoburg — SpaceX Crew-6
Jeffrey Hoffman — STS-51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61, STS-75
Donald Holmquest, M.D. — No flights
Michael S. Hopkins — Soyuz TMA-10M, SpaceX Crew-1
Scott Horowitz — STS-75, STS-82, STS-101, STS-105
Akihiko Hoshide — STS-124, Soyuz TMA-05M, SpaceX Crew-2
Millie Hughes-Fulford — STS-40
Douglas G. Hurley — STS-127, STS-135, Crew Dragon Demo-2
Rick Husband (1957–2003) ? — STS-96. Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107).

I

James Irwin (1930–1991) △▲ — Apollo 15
Aleksandr Ivanchenkov — Soyuz 29/31
Anatoli Ivanishin — Soyuz TMA-22, Soyuz MS-01, Soyuz MS-16
Georgi Ivanov — Soyuz 33
Marsha Ivins — STS-32, STS-46, STS-62, STS-81, STS-98
Jared Isaacman — Inspiration4, Polaris Dawn

J

Sigmund J?hn (1937–2019) — Soyuz 31/29
Jameel Janjua — Galactic 07
Mae Jemison, M.D. — STS-47
Tamara E. Jernigan — STS-40, STS-52, STS-67, STS-80, STS-96
Brent W. Jett Jr. — STS-72, STS-81, STS-97, STS-115
Jing Haipeng — Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 11, Shenzhou 16
Jiang Xinlin — Shenzhou 17
Gregory C. Johnson — STS-125
Gregory H. Johnson — STS-123, STS-134
Thomas D. Jones — STS-59, STS-68, STS-80, STS-98
Zenon Jankowski — Soyuz 30 Backup

K

Leonid Kadeniuk (1951–2018) — STS-87
Alexander Kaleri — Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TMA-3, Soyuz TMA-01M
Norishige Kanai — Soyuz MS-07
Janet L. Kavandi — STS-91, STS-99, STS-104
Tibor Kapu — Axiom Mission 4
James M. Kelly — STS-102, STS-114
Mark Kelly — STS-108, STS-121, STS-124, STS-134
Scott Kelly — STS-103, STS-118, Soyuz TMA-01M, Soyuz TMA-16M/18M
Joseph Kerwin, M.D. — Skylab 2
Yevgeny Khrunov (1933–2000) — Soyuz 5/4
Anna Kikina — SpaceX Crew-5
Jonny Kim — Soyuz MS-27
Robert S. Kimbrough — STS-126, Soyuz MS-02, SpaceX Crew-2.
Leonid Kizim (1941–2010) — Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-10/11, Soyuz T-15
Petr Klimuk — Soyuz 13, Soyuz 18, Soyuz 30
Pete Knight (1929–2004) — X-15 flight 190
Pyotr Kolodin — No flights, backup for several missions.
Vladimir Komarov (1927–1967) ? — Voskhod 1. Died during Soyuz 1 reentry crash.
Yelena Kondakova — Soyuz TM-20/STS-84
Dmitri Kondratyev — Soyuz TMA-20
Oleg Kononenko — Soyuz TMA-12, Soyuz TMA-03M, Soyuz TMA-17M, Soyuz MS-11, Soyuz MS-24/MS-25
Timothy L. Kopra — STS-127/128, Soyuz TMA-19M
Mikhail Korniyenko — Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz TMA-16M/18M
Sergey Korsakov — Soyuz MS-21
Valery Korzun — Soyuz TM-24, STS-111/113
Oleg Kotov — Soyuz TMA-10, Soyuz TMA-17, Soyuz TMA-10M
Vladimir Kovalyonok — Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29/31, Soyuz T-4
Konstantin Kozeyev — Soyuz TM-33/32
Kevin Kregel — STS-70, STS-78, STS-87, STS-99
Sergei Krikalev — Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-12/Soyuz TM-13, STS-60, STS-88, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102, Soyuz TMA-6
Valeri Kubasov (1935–2019) — Soyuz 6, Soyuz 19, Soyuz 36/35
Sergey Kud-Sverchkov — Soyuz MS-17
André Kuipers — Soyuz TMA-4/3, Soyuz TMA-03M
Robb Kulin — No flights. Resigned as an astronaut candidate in 2018.

L

Kelly Latimer — Galactic 02, Galactic 04, Galactic 05
Aleksandr Laveykin — Soyuz TM-2
Robert Lawrence (1935–1967) — No flights. Trained for MOL program.
Wendy Lawrence — STS-67, STS-86, STS-91, STS-114
Vasili Lazarev (1928–1990) — Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18a
Aleksandr Lazutkin — Soyuz TM-25
Valentin Lebedev — Soyuz 13, Soyuz T-5/7
Mark C. Lee — STS-30, STS-47, STS-64, STS-82
David Leestma — STS-41-G, STS-28, STS-45
William B. Lenoir (1939–2010) — STS-5
Alexei Leonov (1934–2019) — Voskhod 2, Soyuz 19. First space walk.
Frederick W. Leslie — STS-73
Anatoli Levchenko (1941–1988) — Soyuz TM-4/3
Byron Lichtenberg — STS-9, STS-45
Don Lind — STS-51-B
Kjell N. Lindgren — Soyuz TMA-17M, SpaceX Crew-4 (2022)
Steven Lindsey — STS-87, STS-95, STS-104, STS-121, STS-133
Jerry Linenger — STS-64, STS-81/84
Song Lingdong — Shenzhou 19
Richard Linnehan — STS-78, STS-90, STS-109, STS-123
Gregory Linteris — STS-83, STS-94
Li Cong — Shenzhou 18
Li Guangsu — Shenzhou 18
Liu Boming — Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 12
Liu Wang — Shenzhou 9
Liu Yang — Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 14
- (Yáng Lìwěi – see Yáng Lìwěi)
Anthony Llewellyn — No flights
Paul Lockhart — STS-111, STS-113
Yuri Lonchakov — STS-100, Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34, Soyuz TMA-13
Michael Lopez-Alegria — STS-73, STS-92, STS-113, Soyuz TMA-9, Axiom Mission 1, Axiom Mission 3
Christopher Loria — No flights
John Lounge — STS-51-I, STS-26, STS-35
Jack Lousma — Skylab 3, STS-3
Stanley G. Love — STS-122
Jim Lovell △ — Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, Apollo 13
G. David Low (1956–2008) — STS-32, STS-43, STS-57
Edward Lu — STS-84, STS-106, Soyuz TMA-2
Shannon Lucid — STS-51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/79.
Vladimir Lyakhov — Soyuz 32/34, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-6/5

M

David Mackay — VSS Unity VF-01
Steven MacLean — STS-52, STS-115
Sandra Magnus — STS-112, STS-126/119, STS-135
Oleg Makarov (1933–2003) — Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18a, Soyuz 27/26, Soyuz T-3
Yuri Malenchenko — Soyuz TM-19, STS-106, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz TMA-05M, Soyuz TMA-19M
Franco Malerba — STS-46
Ravish Malhotra — No flights. India's backup cosmonaut for the Intercosmos program.
Yuri Malyshev (1941–1999) — Soyuz T-2, Soyuz T-11/10
Gennadi Manakov — Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16
Musa Manarov — Soyuz TM-4/6, Soyuz TM-11
Nicole Aunapu Mann — SpaceX Crew-5
Hazza Al Mansouri — Soyuz MS-15/MS-12
Thomas Marshburn, M.D. — STS-127, Soyuz TMA-07M, SpaceX Crew-3
Michael Massimino — STS-109, STS-125
Richard Mastracchio — STS-106, STS-118, STS-131, Soyuz TMA-11M
Denis Matveev — Soyuz MS-21
Matthias Maurer — SpaceX Crew-3
Michael Masucci — VSS Unity VF-01, Virgin Galactic Unity 22, Virgin Galactic Unity 25, Galactic 01, Galactic 03, Galactic 05
Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II (1936–2023) △ — Apollo 16, STS-4, STS-51-C.
K. Megan McArthur — STS-125, SpaceX Crew-2
William S. McArthur — STS-58, STS-74, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-7
Christa McAuliffe (1948–1986)? — Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration
Jon McBride — STS-41-G
Bruce McCandless II (1937–2017) — STS-41-B, STS-31
Anne McClain — Soyuz MS-11, SpaceX Crew-10
William C. McCool (1961–2003) ? — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
Michael J. McCulley — STS-34
John B. McKay (1922–1975) — X-15 Flight 150 (awarded posthumously). Died from long-term complications of the Flight 74 accident in 1962.
James McDivitt (1929–2022) — Gemini 4, Apollo 9
Donald McMonagle — STS-39, STS-54, STS-66
Ronald McNair (1950–1986) ? — STS-41-B. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L).
Carl Meade — STS-38, STS-50, STS-64
Jessica Meir — Soyuz MS-15 (Expedition 61/62). A member of the first all-female EVA team.
Bruce Melnick — STS-41, STS-49
Pamela Melroy — STS-92, STS-112, STS-120
Mike Melvill — SpaceShipOne flight 15P and 16P
Leland D. Melvin — STS-122, STS-129
Ulf Merbold — STS-9, STS-42, Soyuz TM-20/19
Ernst Messerschmid — STS-61-A
Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger — STS-131
Anna Menon — Polaris Dawn
Curt Michel (1934–2015) — No flights
Aleksandr Misurkin — Soyuz TMA-08M, Soyuz MS-06, Soyuz MS-20
Edgar Mitchell (1930–2016) △▲ — Apollo 14
Andreas Mogensen — Soyuz TMA-18M, SpaceX Crew-7
Jasmin Moghbeli — SpaceX Crew-7
Abdul Ahad Mohmand — Soyuz TM-6/5
Mamoru Mohri — STS-47, STS-99
Andrew R. Morgan — Soyuz MS-13/MS-15
Barbara Morgan — STS-118
Lee Morin — STS-110
Boris Morukov (1950–2015) — STS-106
Beth Moses — VSS Unity VF-01
Chiaki Mukai, M.D. — STS-65, STS-95
Richard Mullane — STS-41-D, STS-27, STS-36
Talgat Musabayev — Soyuz TM-19, Soyuz TM-27, Soyuz TM-32/31
Story Musgrave, M.D. — STS-6, STS-51-F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61, STS-80

N

Steven R. Nagel (1946–2014) — STS-51-G, STS-61-A, STS-37, STS-55
George Nelson — STS-41-C, STS-61-C, STS-26
Grigori Nelyubov (1934–1966) — No flights. Vostok backup.
Rodolfo Neri Vela — STS-61-B
Paolo A. Nespoli — STS-120, Soyuz TMA-20, Soyuz MS-05
James H. Newman — STS-51, STS-69, STS-88, STS-109
Sultan Al Neyadi — SpaceX Crew-6
Claude Nicollier — STS-46, STS-61, STS-75, STS-103
Nie Haisheng — Shenzhou 6, Shenzhou 10, Shenzhou 12
Andriyan Nikolayev (1929–2004) — Vostok 3, Soyuz 9
Soichi Noguchi — STS-114, Soyuz TMA-17, SpaceX Crew-1
Carlos I. Noriega — STS-84, STS-97
Oleg Novitskiy — Soyuz TMA-06M, Soyuz MS-03, Soyuz MS-18, Soyuz MS-25/MS-24
Lisa Nowak — STS-121
Karen Nyberg — STS-124, Soyuz TMA-09M

O

Bryan O'Connor — STS-61-B, STS-40
Ellen Ochoa — STS-56, STS-66, STS-96, STS-110
Wubbo Ockels (1946–2014) — STS-61-A
William Oefelein — STS-116
Loral O'Hara — Soyuz MS-24
Brian O'Leary (1940–2011) — No flights
John D. Olivas — STS-117, STS-128
Takuya Onishi — Soyuz MS-01, Expedition 48/49, SpaceX Crew-10
Ellison Onizuka (1946–1986) ? — STS-51-C. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L).
Yuri Onufrienko — Soyuz TM-23, STS-108/111
Stephen Oswald — STS-42, STS-56, STS-67
Aleksey Ovchinin — Soyuz TMA-20M, Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12, Soyuz MS-26
Robert Overmyer (1936–1996) — STS-5, STS-51-B

P

Gennady Padalka — Soyuz TM-28, Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-04M, Soyuz TMA-16M
William Pailes — STS-51-J
Scott Parazynski, M.D. — STS-66, STS-86, STS-95, STS-100, STS-120
Ronald A. Parise (1951–2008) — STS-35, STS-67
Robert Parker — STS-9, STS-35
Luca Parmitano — Soyuz TMA-09M, Soyuz MS-13
Nicholas Patrick — STS-116, STS-130
Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971) ? — Died in the Soyuz 11 reentry depressurisation.
James Pawelczyk — STS-90
Julie Payette — STS-96, STS-127
Gary Payton — STS-51-C
Timothy Peake — Soyuz TMA-19M
Nicola Pecile -- Galactic 01, Galactic 03, Galactic 06, Galactic 07
Philippe Perrin, EAC — STS-111
Kirill Peskov — SpaceX Crew-10
Thomas Pesquet — Soyuz MS-03, SpaceX Crew-2
Donald Peterson — STS-6
Dmitry Petelin — Soyuz MS-22/MS-23
Donald Pettit — STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1, STS-126, Soyuz TMA-03M, Soyuz MS-26
John Phillips — STS-100, Soyuz TMA-6, STS-119
Oleg Platonov — SpaceX Crew-11
William Pogue (1930–2014) — Skylab 4
Alan G. Poindexter (1961–2012) — STS-122, STS-131
Mark Polansky — STS-98, STS-116, STS-127
Alexander Poleshchuk — Soyuz TM-16
Valeri Polyakov, M.D. (1942–2022) — Soyuz TM-6/7, Soyuz TM-18/20
Marcos Pontes — Soyuz TMA-8
Leonid Popov — Soyuz 35/37, Soyuz 40, Soyuz T-7/5
Pavel Popovich (1930–2009) — Vostok 4, Soyuz 14
Scott Poteet — Polaris Dawn
Charles Precourt — STS-55, STS-71, STS-84, STS-91
Sian Proctor — Inspiration4
Sergey Prokopyev — Soyuz MS-09, Soyuz MS-22/MS-23
Dumitru Prunariu — Soyuz 40

R

Ilan Ramon (1954–2003)? — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
William Readdy — STS-42, STS-51, STS-79
Kenneth Reightler — STS-48, STS-60
James F. Reilly — STS-89, STS-104, STS-117
Garrett Reisman — STS-123/124, STS-132
Thomas Reiter — Soyuz TM-22, STS-121/116 Expedition 13
Vladimír Remek — Soyuz 28
Judith Resnik (1949–1986)? — STS-41D. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L)
Sergei Revin — Soyuz TMA-04M
Paul W. Richards — STS-102
Richard N. Richards — STS-28, STS-41, STS-50, STS-64
Sally Ride (1951–2012) — STS-7, STS-41-G. First American woman in space.
Patricia Robertson, M.D. (1963–2001) — No flights
Stephen Robinson — STS-85, STS-95, STS-114, STS-130
Russell L. Rogers (1928–1967) — No flights. Assigned to the Dyna Soar project.
Roman Romanenko — Soyuz TMA-15 Soyuz TMA-07M
Yuri Romanenko — Soyuz 26/27, Soyuz 38, Soyuz TM-2/3
Kent Rominger — STS-73, STS-80, STS-85, STS-96, STS-100
Stuart Roosa (1933–1994) △ — Apollo 14
Jerry L. Ross — STS-61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88, STS-110
Valery Rozhdestvensky — Soyuz 23
Kathleen Rubins — Soyuz MS-01, ISS Expedition 48, Expedition 49, Soyuz MS-17
Francisco Rubio — Soyuz MS-22/MS-23
Nikolay Rukavishnikov (1932–2002) — Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, Soyuz 33
Mario Runco Jr. — STS-44, STS-54, STS-77
Sergei Ryazanski — Soyuz TMA-10M, Soyuz MS-05
Valery Ryumin (1939–2022) — Soyuz 25, Soyuz 32/34, Soyuz 35/37, STS-91
Sergey Ryzhikov — Soyuz MS-02, Soyuz MS-17, Soyuz MS-27

S

Albert Sacco — STS-73
David Saint-Jacques — Soyuz MS-11.
Aleksandr Samokutyayev — Soyuz TMA-21, Soyuz TMA-14M
Gennadi Sarafanov (1942–2005) — Soyuz 15
Robert Satcher, M.D. — STS-129
Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud — STS-51-G
Viktor Savinykh — Soyuz T-4, Soyuz T-13/14
Svetlana Savitskaya — Soyuz T-7/5, Soyuz T-12
Wally Schirra (1923–2007) — Mercury 8, Gemini 6A, Apollo 7
Hans Schlegel — STS-55, STS-122
Harrison Schmitt △▲ — Apollo 17
Rusty Schweickart — Apollo 9
Dick Scobee (1939–1986) ? — STS-41-C. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L).
David Scott △▲ — Gemini 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 15
Winston Scott — STS-72, STS-87
Paul Scully-Power — STS-41-G
Richard Searfoss (1956–2018) — STS-58, STS-76, STS-90
Rhea Seddon, M.D. — STS-51-D, STS-40, STS-58
Elliot See (1927–1966) — No flights
Ronald Sega — STS-60, STS-76
Piers Sellers (1955–2016) — STS-112, STS-121, STS-132
Christopher Sembroski — Inspiration4
Aleksandr Serebrov (1944–2013) — Soyuz T-7/5, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-17
Yelena Serova — Soyuz TMA-14M
Vitali Sevastyanov (1935–2010) — Soyuz 9, Soyuz 18
Doug Shane — Commercial astronaut, SpaceShipOne 2003
Yuri Shargin — Soyuz TMA-5/4
Salizhan Sharipov — STS-89, Soyuz TMA-5
Rakesh Sharma — Soyuz T-11/10
Helen Sharman — Soyuz TM-12, Soyuz TM-11
Vladimir Shatalov (1927–2021) — Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10
Brewster Shaw — STS-9, STS-61-B, STS-28
Alan Shepard △▲ (1923–1998) — Mercury-Redstone 3, Apollo 14. First American in space.
William Shepherd — STS-27, STS-41, STS-52, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102
- (Nancy Sherlock – see Nancy Currie)
Anton Shkaplerov — Soyuz TMA-22, Soyuz TMA-15M, Soyuz MS-07, Soyuz MS-19
Georgi Shonin (1935–1997) — Soyuz 6
Loren Shriver — STS-51-C, STS-31, STS-46
Shubhanshu Shukla — Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4)
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, M.D. — Soyuz TMA-11/10
Peter Siebold — Commercial astronaut, SpaceShipOne 2003
Oleg Skripochka — Soyuz TMA-01M, Soyuz TMA-20M, Soyuz MS-15
Aleksandr Skvortsov — Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz TMA-12M, Soyuz MS-13
Donald "Deke" Slayton (1924–1993) — Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
Michael J. Smith (1945–1986) ? — Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L)
Steven Smith — STS-68, STS-82, STS-103, STS-110
Anatoly Solovyev — Soyuz TM-5/4, Soyuz TM-9, Soyuz TM-15, STS-71/Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-26
Vladimir Solovyov — Soyuz T-10/11, Soyuz T-15
Sherwood Spring — STS-61-B
Robert Springer — STS-29, STS-38
Thomas Patten Stafford △ — Gemini 6A, Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper — STS-115, STS-126
Robert Stewart — STS-41-B, STS-51-J
Eytan Stibbe — Axiom Mission 1
Susan Still Kilrain — STS-83, STS-94
Nicole Marie Passonno Stott — STS-128, STS-133
Krasimir Stoyanov-Soyuz TM-5 — No flights.
Gennady Strekalov (1940–2004) — Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-11/10, Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-21/STS-71
Mark Stucky — VSS Unity VP-03
Frederick Sturckow — STS-88, STS-105, STS-117, STS-128, VSSUnity VP-03, Unity 21, Unity 25, Galactic 02, Galactic 04, Galactic 06
Kathryn Sullivan, — STS-41-G, STS-31, STS-45
Maksim Surayev — Soyuz TMA-16, Soyuz TMA-13M
Steven Swanson — STS-117, STS-119, Soyuz TMA-12M
John "Jack" Swigert (1931–1982) △ — Apollo 13

T

Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez — Soyuz 38
Akiyama Toyohiro — Soyuz TM-11
Daniel Tani — STS-108, STS-120/122
Joseph Tanner — STS-66, STS-82, STS-97, STS-115
Evgeny Tarelkin — Soyuz TMA-06M
James M. Taylor (1930–1970) — No flights. Assigned to MOL project.
Valentina Tereshkova — Vostok 6. First woman in space.
Norman Thagard, M.D. — STS-7, STS-51-B, STS-30, STS-42, Soyuz TM-21/STS-71
Gerhard Thiele — STS-99
Robert Thirsk, M.D. — STS-78, Soyuz TMA-15
Andrew Thomas — STS-77, STS-89/91, STS-102, STS-114
Donald Thomas — STS-65, STS-70, STS-83, STS-94
Stephen Thorne (1953–1986) — No flights. Died in a stunt plane accident before completing training.
Kathryn Thornton — STS-33, STS-49, STS-61, STS-73
William E. Thornton, M.D. (1929–2021) — STS-8, STS-51-B
Pierre Thuot — STS-36, STS-49, STS-62
Gherman Titov (1935–2000) — Vostok 2
Vladimir Titov — Soyuz T-8, Soyuz TM-4/6, STS-63, STS-86
Tang Hongbo — Shenzhou 12, Shenzhou 17
Tang Shengjie — Shenzhou 17
Scott D. Tingle — Soyuz MS-07
Michel Tognini, EAC — Soyuz TM-15/14, STS-93
Valery Tokarev — STS-96, Soyuz TMA-7
Sergei Treshchov — STS-111/113
Eugene Trinh — STS-50
Richard Truly (1937–2024) — STS-2, STS-8
Bjarni Tryggvason (1945–2022) — STS-85
Vasili Tsibliyev — Soyuz TM-17, Soyuz TM-25
Ph?m Tuan — Soyuz 37/36
Mikhail Tyurin — STS-105/108, Soyuz TMA-9, Soyuz TMA-11M

U

Yuri Usachov — Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-23, STS-101, STS-102/STS-105
S?awosz Uznański-Wi?niewski — Axiom Mission 4

V

Lodewijk van den Berg (1932–2022) — STS-51-B
James "Ox" van Hoften — STS-41-C, STS-51-I
Mark Vande Hei — Soyuz MS-06, Soyuz MS-18, Soyuz MS-19
Ivan Vagner — Soyuz MS-16, Soyuz MS-26
Vladimir Vasyutin (1952–2002) — Soyuz T-14
Charles Veach (1944–1995) — STS-39, STS-52
Franz Viehb?ck — Soyuz TM-13/12
Alexander Viktorenko — Soyuz TM-3/2, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-20
Pavel Vinogradov — Soyuz TM-26, Soyuz TMA-8, Soyuz TMA-08M
Terry Virts — STS-130, Soyuz TMA-15M
Roberto Vittori — Soyuz 34/33, Soyuz TMA-6/5, STS-134
Igor Volk — Soyuz T-12
Alexander Volkov — Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-13
Sergey Volkov — Soyuz TMA-12, Soyuz TMA-02M, Soyuz TMA-18M
Vladislav Volkov (1935–1971) ? — Soyuz 7. Died in the Soyuz 11 reentry depressurisation.
Boris Volynov — Soyuz 5, Soyuz 21
James Voss — STS-44, STS-53, STS-69, STS-101, STS-102/105
Janice Voss (1956–2012) — STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94, STS-99

W

Koichi Wakata — STS-72, STS-92, STS-119/127, Soyuz TMA-11M, SpaceX Crew-5
Rex Walheim — STS-110, STS-122, STS-135
Charles D. Walker — STS-41-D, STS-51-D, STS-61-B
David M. Walker (1944–2001) — STS-51-A, STS-30, STS-53, STS-69
Joseph A. Walker (1921–1966) — X-15 flights 77, 90, 91
Shannon Walker — Soyuz TMA-19, SpaceX Crew-1
Ulrich Walter — STS-55
Walter Villadei — Axiom Mission 3
Carl Walz — STS-51, STS-65, STS-79, STS-108/111
/ Marcus Wandt — Axiom Mission 3; fastest-trained astronaut in history after selection to fly into orbit
Wang Haoze — Shenzhou 19
Wang Jie — Shenzhou 20
Taylor Wang — STS-51-B
Wang Yaping — Shenzhou 10, Shenzhou 13
Jessica Watkins — SpaceX Crew-4 (2022)
Mary Weber — STS-70, STS-101
Paul Weitz (1932–2017) — Skylab 2, STS-6
James Wetherbee — STS-32, STS-52, STS-63, STS-86, STS-102, STS-113
Douglas Wheelock — STS-120, Soyuz TMA-19
Ed White (1930–1967) ? — Gemini 4. Died in the Apollo 1 fire accident.
Robert Michael White (1924–2010) — X-15 flight 62
Peggy Whitson — STS-111/113, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz MS-03/MS-04, Axiom Mission 2, Axiom mission 4
Terrence Wilcutt — STS-68, STS-79, STS-89, STS-106
Clifton "C.C." Williams (1932–1967) ? — No flights. Died in a plane crash during training.
Dafydd Williams, M.D. — STS-90, STS-118
Donald Williams (1942–2016) — STS-51-D, STS-34
Jeffrey Williams — STS-101, Soyuz TMA-8, Soyuz TMA-16, Soyuz TMA-20M
Sunita "Suni" Williams — STS-116/117, Soyuz TMA-05M, Boeing CFT/SpaceX Crew-9
Barry Wilmore — STS-129, Soyuz TMA-14M, Boeing CFT/SpaceX Crew-9
Stephanie Wilson — STS-121, STS-120, STS-131
Gregory R. Wiseman — Soyuz TMA-13M
Peter Wisoff — STS-57, STS-68, STS-81, STS-92
David Wolf, M.D. — STS-58, STS-86/89, STS-112, STS-127
Neil Woodward — No flights
Alfred Worden (1932–2020) △ — Apollo 15

Y

Naoko Yamazaki — STS-131
Yang Liwei — Shenzhou 5
Ye Guangfu — Shenzhou 13, Shenzhou 18
Boris Yegorov, M.D. (1937–1994) — Voskhod 1
Aleksei Yeliseyev — Soyuz 5/4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10
Yi So-yeon — Soyuz TMA-12/11
John Young (1930–2018) △▲ — Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1, STS-9
Kimiya Yui — Soyuz TMA-17M, SpaceX Crew-11
Fyodor Yurchikhin — STS-112, Soyuz TMA-10, Soyuz TMA-19, Soyuz TMA-09M, Soyuz MS-04

Z

Sergei Zalyotin — Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34
George D. Zamka — STS-120, STS-130
Zhai Zhigang — Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 13
Zhang Lu — Shenzhou 15
Zhang Xiaoguang — Shenzhou 10
Vitaliy Zholobov — Soyuz 21
Zhu Yangzhu — Shenzhou 16
Alexey Zubritsky — Soyuz MS-27
Vyacheslav Zudov — Soyuz 23

References

^ Kurzweil, Ray (2025-08-04). "Astronaut scientists for hire open new research frontier in space". kurzweilai.net. Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence Network: Boston. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
^ Seedhouse, Erik (2012). Astronauts For Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps. New York: Springer Science. pp. 29–41. ISBN 978-1-4614-0520-7.
^ "Gemini 8". Retrieved 2025-08-04.
^ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". Retrieved 2025-08-04.
^ "Mercury Atlas 7". Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[Kurzweil-1] Kurzweil, Ray (2025-08-04). "Astronaut scientists for hire open new research frontier in space". kurzweilai.net. Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence Network: Boston. Retrieved 3 June 2018.

[2] Seedhouse, Erik (2012). Astronauts For Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps. New York: Springer Science. pp. 29–41. ISBN 978-1-4614-0520-7.

[gemini8-3] "Gemini 8". Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[apollo11-4] "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[mercury7-5] "Mercury Atlas 7". Retrieved 2025-08-04.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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凤山镇推行“3+X”脱贫模式，助力贫困户稳定脱贫

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