百度 随后，国防部新闻发言人任国强就美国军舰进入中国南海岛礁邻近海域发表谈话。

Kazakh
?аза?ша, ?аза? т?л? qazaq?a, qazaq t?l? ???????, ????? ????? ??????, ???? ???
Kazakh in Cyrillic, Latin, and Perso-Arabic scripts
Pronunciation	[qɑzɑq??ɑ] [qɑ?zɑq t??l?]
Native to	Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
Region	Central Asia (Turkestan)
Ethnicity	Kazakhs
Native speakers	16 million (2021 census)
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Nogai Kazakh
Writing system	Kazakh alphabets (Cyrillic script, Latin script, Arabic script, Kazakh Braille)
Official status
Official language in	Kazakhstan Russia Altai Republic China Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Bark?l Kazakh Autonomous County Mori Kazakh Autonomous County Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County Organisations: Organization of Turkic States Collective Security Treaty Organization
Regulated by	Ministry of Culture and Sports Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Language codes
ISO 639-1	kk
ISO 639-2	kaz
ISO 639-3	kaz
Glottolog	kaza1248
Linguasphere	44-AAB-cc
The Kazakh-speaking world:   regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority   regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority

A Kazakh speaker, recorded in Taiwan

A Kazakh speaker, recorded in Kazakhstan

Kazakh is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by the Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan, and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia. It is also a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China, and in the Bayan-?lgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census), Germany, and Turkey.

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with the closely related Karakalpak language while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with the Altai languages.

In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet, though lacking the letters C and ? and having four additional letters: ?, ?, Q and ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang use a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script for writing.

Geographic distribution

Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).

In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang.

History

The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde.

Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate, which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums, serving as a language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere.

A geographical map of Cyrillic alphabet distribution.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031.

Although not an endangered language, in 2024, Kazakh has been described as being placed in a somewhat vulnerable position by the Kazakhstani Minister of Science and Higher Education Sayasat Nurbek, within a category where the number of speakers is not increasing as rapidly as anticipated.

Phonology and orthography

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /?/, /?/ and not /ɑ/, and happens in the next syllables. Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', büg?n 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz, bügün, ülk?n.

Consonants

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. (/t?s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/, fricatives /s, z, ?, ?, ?/, nasals /m, n, ?/, liquids /?, l/, and two glides /w, j/. The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t?s, t??/ are found only in loanwords. /?/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d??] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [?] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords.

Kazakh consonant phonemes

		Labials	Alveolar	(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m ?м/m?	n ?н/n?		? ??/??
Stop	voiceless	p ?п/p?	t ?т/t?		k ?к/k?	q ??/q?
	voiced	b ?б/b?	d ?д/d?		ɡ ?г/g?
Fricative	voiceless		s ?с/s?	? ?ш/??		(χ) ?х/h?
	voiced		z ?з/z?	? ?ж/j?		(?) ??/??
Approximant			l ?л/l?	j ?й/i?	w ?у/u?
Tap			? ?р/r?

• Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced.

Vowels

Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /?/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /?/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period. It can be found in some native words, however.

According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.

Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.

Kazakh vowel phonemes

	Front (Advanced tongue root)	Central (Relaxed tongue root)	Back (Retracted tongue root)
Close	?? ??/??	? ??/ü?	o? ??/ū?
Diphthong	je? ?е/e?	?j ?и/i?	?w ?у/u?
Mid	e ?э/e?	? ?ы/y?	o? ?о/o?
Open	?? ??/??	? ??/??	ɑ? ?а/a?

Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation

	Front and central		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	?? ??/??	?? ??/ü?	? ?ы/y?	o? ??/ū?
Open	je? ?е/e? / ? ??/??	? ??/??	ɑ? ?а/a?	o? ?о/o?

• There is significant debate over the Kazakh vowel phoneme chart, but all analysis agrees on an eight-vowel system with [?] being artificially added due to influence from Arabic and Persian.
• The vowel /e?/ is often pronounced /je?/ at the beginning of the word, with exceptional root e-. Urban Kazakh tends to palatalize all /e?/, caused by Russian influence.

Vowel harmony

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are the subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/, and in the following syllables, e.g. ?м?р [??m?r], ?осы [q?so]. Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules.

Stress

Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:

• When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by -eu (b?reu, altau from b?r, alty):

b?r, ek?, ü?, t?rt, bes, alty, jet?, ...

'one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...'

• Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:

b?r?ne e?k?mge

'to everyone, to no one'

Orthography

Main article: Kazakh alphabets

Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt the Latin script by 2025.

Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR, hence it has some controversial letter readings.

The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds ? /?/, ? /?/, ы /?/, ? /?/ with glide /w/, e.g. к?ру [k???r??w], су [so?w], к?ру [k??r??w], атысу [ɑ?t??s?w]. Ю undergoes the same process but with /j/ at the beginning.

The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i /?/ (in front-vowel contexts) or ы /?/ (in back vowel contexts) + glide /j/, e.g. ти?с [t???j??s], о?иды [wo?q?j?d?]. In Russian loanwords, it is realized as /?i/ (when stressed) or /??/ (when unstressed), e.g. изоморфизм [?z?m?r?f?izm].

The letter Я represents either /jɑ/ or /j?/ depending on vowel harmony.

The letter Щ represents /??/, e.g. ащы [ɑ??.???].

Meanwhile, the letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, ?, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh.

The table below compares the various scripts.

IPA	Cyrillic	Latin			Arabic		Braille
		2021	2018	2017	Letter	Name
[ɑ]	А а	A a			??	Alif	?
[?]	? ?	? ?	á á	A' a'	??	Hamza + Alif	?
[b]	Б б	B b			??	Ba	?
[v]	В в	V v			??	Waw with Ha?ek	?
[g]	Г г	G g			??	Gaf	?
[?]	? ?	? ?	? ?	G' g'	??	Ghain	?
[d]	Д д	D d			??	Dal	?
[e]	Е е	E e			??	Ha	?
[jo]	Ё ё	?o io	Io ?o	—	(???)	Ya + Waw	?
[?~d??]	Ж ж	J j			??	Jeem	?
[z]	З з	Z z			??	Za	?
[?j, ?j]	И и	? i	I ?	I' i'	??	Ya	?
[j]	Й й						?
[k]	К к	K k			??	Kaf	?
[q~χ]	? ?	Q q			??	Qaf	?
[l]	Л л	L l			??	Lam	?
[m]	М м	M m			??	Meem	?
[n]	Н н	N n			??	Noon	?
[?]	? ?	? ?	? ń	N' n'	??	Kaf with three dots	?
[o]	О о	O o			??	Waw	?
[?]	? ?	? ?	ó ó	O' o'	??	Hamza + Waw	?
[p]	П п	P p			??	Pa	?
[r]	Р р	R r			??	Ra	?
[s]	С с	S s			??	Seen	?
[t]	Т т	T t			??	Ta	?
[w, uw, yw, ?w, ?w]	У у	U u	Y y	Y' y'	??	Waw with 3 dots	?
[u~?]	? ?	ū ū	U u		??	Waw with damma	?
[y~?]	? ?	ü ü	ú ú	U' u'	??	Hamza + Waw with damma	?
[f]	Ф ф	F f			??	Fa	?
[h]	? ?	H h			?	Ha	?
[χ]	Х х				?	Kha	?
[ts]	Ц ц	Ts ts	S s	—	(???)	Ta + Seen	?
[t?]	Ч ч	T? t?	Ch ch	C' c'	??	Cheem	?
[?]	Ш ш	? ?	Sh sh	S' s'	??	Sheen	?
[??]	Щ щ	?t? ?t?	Shch shch	—	(???)	Sheen + Sheen	?
—	Ъ ъ	—					?
[?]	Ы ы	Y y			??	Alif maq?ūrah	?
[?]	? ?	I ?	I i		??	Hamza + Ya	?
—	Ь ь	—					?
[?]	Э э	E e		—	(??)	Ha	?
[j?]	Ю ю	?u iu	Iy ?y		( ?? ?)	Ya + Waw with damma	?
[jɑ]	Я я	?a ia	Ia ?a		(???)	Ya + Alif	?

Grammar

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization. Inflectional and derivational morphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.

Nouns

Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases:

• Nominative
• Accusative
• Genitive
• Dative
• Locative
• Ablative
• Instrumental

The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number.

Declension of nouns for case

Case	Morpheme	Possible forms	keme 'ship'	aua 'air'	?elek 'bucket'	s?b?z 'carrot'	bas 'head'	tūz 'salt'	qan 'blood'	kün 'day'
Nom	—	—	keme	aua	?elek	s?b?z	bas	tūz	qan	kün
Acc	-ny	-n?, -ny, -d?, -dy, -t?, -ty	kemen?	auany	?elekt?	s?b?zd?	basty	tūzdy	qandy	künd?
Gen	-ny?	-n??, -ny?, -d??, -dy?, -t??, -ty?	kemen??	auany?	?elekt??	s?b?zd??	basty?	tūzdy?	qanny?	künn??
Dat	-ga	-ge, -?a, -ke, -qa	kemege	aua?a	?elekke	s?b?zge	basqa	tūz?a	qan?a	künge
Loc	-da	-de, -da, -te, -ta	kemede	auada	?elekte	s?b?zde	basta	tūzda	qanda	künde
Abl	-dan	-den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nan	kemeden	auadan	?elekten	s?b?zden	bastan	tūzdan	qannan	künnen
Inst	-men	-men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en)	kememen	auamen	?elekpen	s?b?zben	baspen	tūzben	qanmen	künmen

Declension of nouns for number

	Morpheme	Possible Forms	bala 'child'	kirpi 'hedgehog'	qazaq 'Kazakh'	mektep 'school'	adam 'person'	gül 'flower'	s?z 'word'
singular	–	–	bala	kirpi	qazaq	mektep	adam	gül	s?z
plural	-lar	-lar, -ler, -ter, -tar, -der, -dar	balalar	kirpiler	qazaqtar	mektepter	adamdar	gülder	s?zder

Pronouns

There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh:

Personal pronouns

		Singular	Plural
1st person		men	b?z
2nd person	informal	sen	sender
	formal	s?z	s?zder
3rd person		ol	olar

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

Number	Singular				Plural
Person	1st	2nd		3rd	1st	2nd		3rd
		Familiar	Polite			Familiar	Polite
Nominative	men	sen	s?z	ol	b?z	sender	s?zder	olar
Genitive	men??	sen??	s?zd??	ony?	b?zd??	senderd??	s?zderd??	olardy?
Dative	ma?an	sa?an	s?zge	o?an	b?zge	senderge	s?zderge	olar?a
Accusative	men?	sen?	s?zd?	ony	b?zd?	senderd?	s?zderd?	olardy
Locative	mende	sende	s?zde	onda	b?zde	senderde	s?zderde	olarda
Ablative	menen	senen	s?zden	odan	b?zden	senderden	s?zderden	olardan
Instrumental	men?men	sen?men	s?zben	onymen	b?zben	sendermen	s?zdermen	olarmen

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

Morphemes indicating person

	Pronouns	Copulas	Possessive endings	Past/Conditional
1st sg	men	-m?n/-myn	-(?)m/-(y)m	-(?)m/-(y)m
2nd sg	sen	-s??/-sy?	-(?)?/-(y)?	-(?)?
2nd sg formal	s?z	-s?z/-syz	-(?)??z/-(y)?yz	-(?)??z/-(y)?yz
3rd sg	ol	–	-(s)?/-(s)y	–
1st pl	b?z	-m?z/-myz	-(?)m?z/-(y)myz	-(?)k/-(y)q
2nd pl	sender	-s??der/-sy?dar	-lary?/-ler??	-(?)?der/-(y)?dar
2nd pl formal	s?zder	-s?zder/-syzdar	-(?)??z/-(y)?yz	-(?)??zder/-(y)?yzdar
3rd pl	olar	–	-lary/-ler?	–

Adjectives

Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives:

• Qualitative – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color
• Relational – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech

Degrees of comparison

Comparative

The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(?)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective.

Superlative

The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme e? before the adjective. The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication.

Verbs

Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr 'sit', tūr 'stand', jür 'go' and jat 'lie', encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару 'go' and келу 'come' may not combine with otyr. Any verb, however, can combine with jat 'lie' to get a progressive tense meaning.

Progressive aspect in the present tense

Kazakh	Aspect	English translation
Men jüzem?n	non-progressive	'I (will) swim [every day].'
Men jüz?p jatyrmyn	progressive	'I am swimming [right now].'
Men jüz?p otyrmyn	progressive/durative	'I am [sitting and] swimming. / I have been swimming.'
Men jüz?p tūrmyn	progressive/punctual	'I am [in the middle of] swimming [this very minute].'
Men jüz?p jürm?n	habitual	'I swim [frequently/regularly]'

While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:

Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries

Sentence	Auxiliary Used
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüzed? swim-PRES-3 Suda balyq jüzed? water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3 'Fish swim in water' (general statement)	? (present/future tense used)
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüz?p swim-CVB jatyr AUX.3 Suda balyq jüz?p jatyr water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 'The/A fish is swimming in the water'	jat－ 'to lie', general marker for progressive aspect.
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüz?p swim-CVB jür AUX.3 Suda balyq jüz?p jür water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 'The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water'	jür – 'go', dynamic/habitual/iterative
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüz?p swim-CVB tūr AUX.3 Suda balyq jüz?p tūr water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 'The fish is swimming in the water'	tūr – 'stand', progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual
*   Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüz?p swim-CVB otyr AUX.3 * Suda balyq jüz?p otyr {} water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 *The fish has been swimming Not a possible sentence in Kazakh	otyr – 'sit', ungrammatical in this sentence; otyr can only be used for verbs that are stative in nature

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + k?ru, with the auxiliary verb k?ru 'see', indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction).

Annotated text with gloss

From the first stanza and refrain of "Men?? Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:

Мен?? ?аза?станым	Men-?? Qazaqstan-ym
Алтын к?н аспаны {Алтын к?н} аспаны [ɑ????t?????k????n? ɑ?s?pɑ???n??]	Altyn gold kün sun aspan-y sky-3.POSS Altyn kün aspan-y gold sun sky-3.POSS 'Golden sun of the sky'
Алтын д?н даласы Алтын д?н даласы [ɑ????t???n??d????n? d?ɑ???ɑ??s?? |]	Altyn gold d?n grain dala-sy steppe-3.POSS Altyn d?n dala-sy gold grain steppe-3.POSS 'Golden grain of the steppe'
Ерл?кт?? дастаны Ерл?кт?? дастаны [je?r?l???k?t?????? d?ɑ?s?t?ɑ???n??]	Erl?k-t?? courage legend-GEN dastan-y epic-3.POSS-NOM Erl?k-t?? dastan-y {courage legend-GEN} epic-3.POSS-NOM 'The legend of courage'
Ел?ме ?арашы! Ел?ме ?арашы! [je?l?????m?e? q?ɑ?r?ɑ???? ‖]	El-?m-e country-1SG.DAT qara-?y look-IMP El-?m-e qara-?y country-1SG.DAT look-IMP 'Look at my country!'
Ежелден ер деген Ежелден ер деген [je???e?l???d????n? je?r? d??e??ɡ???n?]	Ejel-den antiquity-ABL er hero de-gen say-PTCP.PST Ejel-den er de-gen antiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST 'Called heroes since ancient times'
Да??ымыз шы?ты ?ой Да??ымыз шы?ты ?ой [d?ɑ???q???m?z? ??q?t?? ?o?j |]	Da?q-ymyz glory-1PL.POSS.NOM ?yq-ty emerge-PST.3 ?oi EMPH Da?q-ymyz ?yq-ty ?oi glory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH 'Our glory emerged!'
Намысын бермеген Намысын бермеген [n?ɑ??m??s???m b?e?r?m?e??ɡ???n?]	Namys-yn honor-3.POSS-ACC ber-me-gen give-NEG-PTCP.PST Namys-yn ber-me-gen honor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST 'They did not give up their honor'
?аза?ым мы?ты ?ой ?аза?ым мы?ты ?ой [q?ɑ?z?ɑ?????m m?q?t?? ?o?j ‖]	Qaza?-ym Kazakh-1SG.POSS myqty strong ?oi EMPH Qaza?-ym myqty ?oi Kazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH 'My Kazakhs are mighty!'
Мен?? ел?м, мен?? ел?м Мен?? ел?м, мен?? ел?м [m????n?????? je??l????m | m????n?????? je??l????m |]	Men-?? 1SG.GEN el-?m, country-1SG.NOM men?? 1SG.GEN el-?m country-1SG.NOM Men-?? el-?m, men?? el-?m 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM 'My country, my country'
Г?л?? болып, ег?лем?н Г?л?? болып, ег?лем?н [ɡ???l????m bo?????p | je????l?????m???n? |]	Gül-?? flower-2SG.NOM bol-yp, be-CVB, eg-?l-e-m?n root-PASS-PRES-1SG Gül-?? bol-yp, eg-?l-e-m?n flower-2SG.NOM be-CVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG 'As your flower, I am rooted in you'
Жыры? болып т?г?лем?н, ел?м Жыры? болып т?г?лем?н, ел?м [???r???m bo?????p | t??????l?????m???n? je??l????m |]	Jyr-y? song-2SG.NOM bol-yp, be-CVB, t?g-?l-e-m?n, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, el-?m country-1SG.POSS.NOM Jyr-y? bol-yp, t?g-?l-e-m?n, el-?m song-2SG.NOM be-CVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM 'As your song, I shall be sung abound'
Ту?ан жер?м мен?? – ?аза?станым Ту?ан жер?м мен?? – ?аза?станым [t??u??ɑ??n? d???e??r????m m????n?????? | q?ɑ?z?ɑ?q(χ?)s?t?ɑ???n???m ‖]	Tu-?an birth-PTCP-PST jer-?m place-1SG.POSS.NOM men?? 1SG.GEN – – Qazaqstan-ym Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM Tu-?an jer-?m men?? – Qazaqstan-ym birth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM 'My native land – My Kazakhstan'

See also

• BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh
• Turkic languages
• Kazakh literature
• Languages of Kazakhstan
• Kazakh Sign Language
• Help:IPA for Kazakh

Further reading

• Kara, D?vid Somfai (2002), Kazak, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783895864704
• Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and é. á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318–332.
• McCollum, Adam G.; Chen, Si (2021). "Kazakh". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 51 (2): 276–298. doi:10.1017/S0025100319000185, with supplementary sound recordings.

External links

• Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (new) converter
• Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (old)–Arabic converter
• Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation
• Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan" (M.A. thesis, University of North Dakota, 2003)
• Kazakh language recordings Archived 23 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, British Library
• Kazakh – Apertium
• Kazakh<>Turkish Dictionary
• Kazakhstan in the CIA World Factbook
• US Peace Corps Kazakh Language Courses transcribed to HTML