事故频发多次出轨 阿里山森林铁路暂停驶

百度 城市数量大量增加，城市人口规模急剧扩大，都市圈和都市密集地区不断出现，城市与城市、城市与区域的联系日益紧密。

Bashkir
баш?орт теле (баш?ортса) ba?qort tele (ba?qortsa) ??????? ?????? (?????????) ?????? ??? (????????)
Bashkir in Cyrillic, Latin, and Perso-Arabic scripts
Pronunciation	[bɑ??q??rt t???l??] ?
Native to	Bashkortostan, Russia
Region	Volga, Ural
Ethnicity	1.57 million Bashkirs in Russian Federation (2021 Russian census)
Native speakers	1,08 million (2020)
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Bulgar Bashkir
Early form	Volga Turki
Dialects	Southern Eastern Northwestern
Writing system	Cyrillic, Latin, Arabic (Bashkir alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Bashkortostan (Russia)
Regulated by	Institute of history, language and literature of the Ufa Federal research center the RAS
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ba
ISO 639-2	bak
ISO 639-3	bak
Glottolog	bash1264
Linguasphere	44-AAB-bg
Bashkir is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Bashkir (UK: /b???k??r/ bash-KEER, US: /bɑ???k??r/ bahsh-KEER) or Bashkort (Bashkir: баш?орт теле, romanized: ba?qort tele, [bɑ??q??rt t???l??] ^?) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan. It is spoken by approximately 1.6 million native speakers in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia and other neighboring post-Soviet states, and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three dialect groups: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern

Speakers

Dialects of the Bashkir language and distribution according to the 2010 census

Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the republic of Bashkortostan (a republic within the Russian Federation). Many speakers also live in Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia. Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and the United States.

In a recent local media report in Bashkortostan, it was reported that some officials of the republic cannot assemble a document in Bashkir language.

Classification

Bashkir together with Tatar belongs to the Kipchak-Bulgar (Russian: кыпчакско-булгарская) subgroup of the Kipchak languages. These languages have a similar vocabulary by 94.9%, and they not only have common origin, but also a common ancestor in the written language — Volga Turki. However, Bashkir differs from Tatar in several important ways:

• Bashkir has dental fricatives /θ/ and /e/ in the place of Turkic /t/, /d/, /s/ and /z/. For example, Turkish dost and Bashkir ду? (du?), Turkish ad?m and Bashkir а?ым (a??m), Turkish usta and Bashkir о?та (o?ta), or Turkish uzun and Bashkir о?он (o?on). Bashkir /θ/ and /e/, however, cannot begin a word (there are exceptions: ?ур (?ur) [eu?] 'big', and the particle/conjunction ?а (?a) [ea] or ?? (??) [e?]. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Turkmen. However, in Bashkir, /θ/ and /e/ are two independent phonemes, distinct from /s/ and /z/, whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [e] are the two main realizations of the common Turkic /s/ and /z/. In other words, there are no /s/ and /z/ phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir which has both /s/ and /z/ and /θ/ and /e/.
• The word-initial and morpheme-initial /s/ is turned into /h/. An example of both features can be Tatar с?з (süz) and Bashkir ??? (hü?), both meaning "word".
• Common Turkic /t?/ (Tatar /?/) is turned into Bashkir /s/, e.g., Turkish a?a? [a?at?], Tatar агач (a?a?) [ɑ??ɑ?] and Bashkir а?ас (a?as) [ɑ??ɑs], all meaning "tree".
• The word-initial /?/ in Tatar always corresponds to /j/ in Standard Bashkir, e.g., Tatar ?ылы (c?l?) [???l?] and Bashkir йылы (y?l?) [j????], both meaning "warm". However, the eastern and northern dialects of Bashkir have the /j/ > /?~?/ shift.

The Bashkir orthography is more explicit. /q/ and /?/ are written with their own letters ? ? and ? ?, whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/, written К к and Г г.

Labial vowel harmony in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g., Tatar тормышым (torm???m) and Bashkir тормошом (tormo?om, both pronounced [t??.m????m], meaning "my life".

Sample text

Cyrillic script	Latin script	Arabic script	IPA transcription
Барлы? кешел?р ирекле, д?р?ж?л?ре ??м хо?у?тары тиге? булып тыуалар. Улар а?ыл ??м выждан эй??е ??м бер-бере?ен? ?арата ??р??шлек рухында х?р?к?т итерг? тейешт?р.	Barl?q ke?el?r irekle, d?r?j?l?re h?m xoquqtar? tige? bul?p t?walar. Ular aq?l h?m v?jdan ey?he h?m ber-berehen? qarata q?r???lek rux?nda x?r?k?t iterg? teye?t?r.	????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????.	[bɑr????q k??????l?r ir??k?l?? d?r???l??r?? h?m χ??quqtɑ?r?? t?i?ɡ??e bu????p t??wɑ??ɑr ‖ u??ɑr ɑ?q??? h?m ?b??r?b??r??h???n? qɑrɑ?tɑ q?re???l??k ruχ??n?dɑ χ?r??k?t it??r?g? t??j????t?r ‖]

Orthography

Main article: Bashkir alphabet

Trilingual sign in Ufa Airport in Bashkir, Russian and English

Bashkir keyboard layout

After the adoption of Islam, which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use Turki as a written language. Turki was written in a variant of the Arabic script.

In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, the Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic alphabet. In 1930 it was replaced with the Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in 1939.

The modern alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Russian alphabet, with the addition of the following letters: ? ? /?/, ? ? /?/, ? ? /?/, ? ? /?/, ? ? /q/, ? ? /?/, ? ? /e/, ? ? /θ/, ? ? /h/.

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	? ?	Д д	? ?	Е е	Ё ё
Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к	? ?	Л л	М м	Н н
? ?	О о	? ?	П п	Р р	С с	? ?	Т т	У у
? ?	Ф ф	Х х	? ?	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ
Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	? ?	Ю ю	Я я

Letters of the Bashkir Cyrillic alphabet

Cyrillic version	Pronunciation	Notes
Аа	[ɑ], [a]	"A" is usually pronounced as [ɑ] in all syllables except last, in last syllable it is pronounced as [a].
Бб	[b], [β]	[β] is the intervocal allophone.
Вв	[v], [w]	[v] in Russian loanwords, [w] in Arabic and Persian loanwords.
Гг	[ɡ]
??	[?]
Дд	[d]
??	[e]
Ее	[j?], [?]	The letter is iotated at the beginning of a word, after a vowel or after a soft or hard sign.
Ёё	[j?]	Only used in Russian loanwords.
Жж	[?]	Only occurs in loanwords and onomatopoeia.
Зз	[z]
Ии	[i], [ij]	Occurs only in the first syllable. In most other contexts, especially in open syllables, it is an underlying /ij/, for example in words like ти [tij]/[t?j]. Hence why the suffixes use the /e/ consonant following this vowel, unlike /l/ after other vowels: ти??р (ti??r) /tij?e?r/, but not тил?р (til?r).
Йй	[j]
Кк	[k]
??	[q]
Лл	[l], [?]	In front vowel contexts occurs as apical [l], in back vowel contexts occurs as [?].
Мм	[m]
Нн	[n]
??	[?], [?]	In front vowel contexts occurs as [?], in back vowel contexts occurs as [?].
Оо	[?]
??	[?], [y]	Shifts to [y] in vicinity of [j]: ?й?? (?y??) [yj?e?]
Пп	[p]
Рр	/r/, [?]	[?] is the intervocal allophone.
Сс	[s]
??	[θ]
Тт	[t]
Уу	[u], [w]	These two letters are used for /w/ phoneme when they are written after a back or front vowel respectively. As the vowel phoneme, they can only occur in the first syllable. Therefore if these letters are not in the first syllable, they occur after a vowel and are pronounced as /w/.
??	[?], [w]
Фф	[?]
Хх	[χ]
??	[h]
Цц	[ts]
Чч	[t?]
Шш	[?]
Щщ	[??]	Only occurs in loanwords.
Ъъ	[?]	Only occurs in back vowel contexts (except loanwords). Indicates a glottal stop if placed after a vowel, acts as a syllable separator if placed after a consonant.
Ыы	[?]
Ьь	[?]	Only occurs in front vowel contexts (except loanwords). Indicates a glottal stop if placed after a vowel, acts as a syllable separator if placed after a consonant.
Ээ	[?]
??	[?]
Юю	[ju]
Яя	[jɑ], [ja]

Bashkir Latin alphabet based on the Common Turkic alphabet

A a	? ?	B b	C c	? ?	D d	E e	F f	G g
? ?	H h	X x	I ?	? i	J j	K k	Q q	L l
M m	N n	? ?	O o	? ?	P p	R r	S s	? ?
? ?	T t	U u	ü ü	V v	W w	Y y	Z z	? ?

Letter Comparison

Latin	Cyrillic
A a	А а
? ?	? ?
B b	Б б
C c	-дж-
? ?	Ч ч / Щ щ
D d	Д д
? ?	? ?
E e	Э э
F f	Ф ф
G g	Г г
? ?	? ?
H h	? ?
X x	Х х
I ?	Ы ы
? i	И и
J j	Ж ж
K k	К к
Q q	? ?
L l	Л л
M m	М м
N n	Н н
? ?	? ?
O o	О о
? ?	? ?
P p	П п
R r	Р р
S s	С с
? ?	Ш ш
T t	Т т
? ?	? ?
U u	У у
ü ü	? ?
V v	В в
W w	У у / ? ? (consonant variants)
Y y	Й й
Z z	З з

Phonology

Vowels

Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).

Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letter followed by the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets):

	Front		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	и ?i? [?]	? ?ü? [y~?]	ы ??? [?]	у ?u? [?]
Mid	э, е ?e? [e~?]	? ??? [??~?]		о ?o? [o~?]
Open	? ??? [?]		а ?a? [ɑ]

In Russian loans there are also [?], [?], [?] and [?], written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively.

Historical shifts

Historically, the Proto-Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Proto-Turkic high vowels have become the Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Tatar.) However, in most dialects of Bashkir, this shift is not as prominent as in Tatar.

Vowel	Common Turkic	Tatar	Bashkir	Gloss
*e /?/	*et	it	it /it/	'meat'
*? /?/	*s?z	süz	hü? /h?e/	'word'
*o /?/	*sol	sul	hul /hu?/	'left'
*i /i/	*it	et	et /?t/	'dog'
*? /?/	*q?z	q?z	q?? /q?e/	'girl'
*u /u/	*qum	qom	qom /q?m/	'sand'
*ü /y/	*kül	k?l	k?l /k?l/	'ash'

Consonants

The consonants of Bashkir

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar/ Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		м ?m? /m/		н ?n? /n/			? ??? /?/	? ??? [?]2
Plosives	Voiceless	п ?p? /p/		т ?t? /t/		к ?k? [c]2	к ?k? /k/	? ?q? /q/	ь/ъ /?/1
	Voiced	б ?b? /b/		д ?d? /d/		г ?g? [?]2	г ?g? /ɡ/
Fricatives	Voiceless		ф ?f? /f/1	? ??? /θ/	с ?s? /s/	ш ??? /?/		х ?x? /χ/	? ?h? /h/
	Voiced	б ?b? [β]2	в ?v? /v/1	? ??? /e/	з ?z? /z/	ж ?j? /?/		? ??? /?/
Trill					р ?r? /r/
Approximants					л ?l? /l/	й ?y? /j/	у/?/в ?w? /w~?/

Notes

^1 The phonemes /f/, /v/, /?/ are found only in loanwords, and, in the case of /?/, in a few native onomatopoeic words.

^2 [β] is an intervocal allophone of [b], and it is distinct from [w]. [?] is an allophone of [?] in back vowel contexts. [c] and [?] occur as allophones of [k] and [g] before [e], and both occur only in front vowel contexts.

• /θ, e/ are dental [θ, e], and /?/ is apical alveolar [?]. The exact place of articulation of the other dental/alveolar consonants is unclear.

Grammar

A member of the Turkic language family, Bashkir is an agglutinative, SOV language. A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from Russian, Arabic and Persian sources.

Russian			Arabic			Persian
in Bashkir	Etymology	Translation	in Bashkir	Etymology	Translation	in Bashkir	Etymology	Translation
минут (minut)	from "минута" (minuta)	minute	ва?ыт (waq?t)	from "?????" (waqt)	time	ду? (du?)	from "????" (dost)	friend
??т?л (??t?l)	from "стол" (stol)	table, desk	в????? (w?????)	from "??????" (wa?da)	promise	??р (h?r)	from "??" (har)	every
сыр (s?r)	from "сыр" (syr)	cheese	й?нн?т (y?nn?t)	from "??????" (janna)	paradise	к?мб?? (k?mb??)	from "????" (gonbad)	cupola

Plurality

The form of the plural suffix is heavily dependent on the letter which comes immediately before it. When it's a consonant, there is a four-way distinction between "л" (l), "т" (t), "?" (?) and "д" (d); The vowel's distinction is two-way between "а" (after back vowels "а" (a), "ы" (?), "о" (o), "у" (u)) and "?" (after front vowels "?" (?), "е" (e), "и" (i), "?" (?), "?" (ü)). Some nouns are also less likely to be used with their plural forms such as "?ыу" (h?w, "water") or "?ом" (qom, "sand").

suffix consonant
-лар, -л?р	after all vowels except for и (iy)	ба?са (baqsa), "garden" Pl.: ба?салар (baqsalar)	с?ск? (s?sk?), "flower" Pl.: с?ск?л?р (s?sk?l?r)
-тар, -т?р	mostly after hard consonants – б (b), д (d), г (g), ф (f), х (x), ? (h), к (k), ? (q), п (p), с (s), ш (?), ? (?), т (t)	ду? (du?), "friend" Pl.: ду?тар (du?tar)	т?? (t??), "colour" Pl.: т??т?р (t??t?r)
-?ар, -??р	after approximants and some others – ? (?), и (iy), р (r), у/? (w), й (y)	тау (taw), "mountain" Pl.: тау?ар (taw?ar)	?й (?y), "house" Pl.: ?й??р (?y??r)
-дар, -д?р	after nasals and some others – ж (j), л (l), м (m), н (n), ? (?), з (z)	?ан (han), "number" Pl.: ?андар (handar)	к?н (k?n), "day" Pl.: к?нд?р (k?nd?r)

Declension table

	suffix	consonant alteration (see the "plurality" table)	after the plural suffix	examples
Nominative
Genitive	-не?	"н" (n), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "?" (?)	-?е?	телде? (telde?), "the language's"
	-ны?		-?ы?	башты? (ba?t??), "the head's"
	-но?		-?ы?	то??о? (to??o?), "the salt's"
	-н??		-?е?	т?шт?? (t??t??), "the dream's"
Dative	-г?		-г?	телг? (telg?), "(to) the language"
	-к?			т?шк? (t??k?), "(to) the dream"
	-?а		-?а	то??а (to??a), "(to) the salt"
	-?а			баш?а (ba?qa), "(to) the head"
Accusative	-не	"н" (n), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "?" (?)	-?е	телде (telde), "the language"
	-ны		-?ы	башты (ba?t?), "the head"
	-но		-?ы	то??о (to??o), "the salt"
	-н?		-?е	т?шт? (t??t?), "the dream"
Locative	-л?	"л" (l), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "?" (?)	-??	телд? (teld?), "in the language"
	-ла		-?а	башта (ba?ta), "in the head"
Ablative	-н?н	"н" (n), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "?" (?)	-??н	телд?н (teld?n), "from the language"
	-нан		-?ан	баштан (ba?tan), "from the head"

Declension of pronouns

	Interrogative pronouns		Personal pronouns
Case	who	what	Singular			Plural
			I	you (thou)	he, she, it	we	you	they
Nominative	кем kem	ним? nim?	мин min	?ин hin	ул ul	бе? be?	?е? he?	улар ular
Genitive	кемде? kemde?	ним?не? nim?ne?	мине? mine?	?ине? hine?	уны? un??	бе??е? be??e?	?е??е? he??e?	улар?ы? ular???
Dative	кемг? kemg?	ним?г? nim?g?	ми?? mi??	?и?? hi??	у?а u?a	бе?г? be?g?	?е?г? he?g?	улар?а ular?a
Accusative	кемде kemde	ним?не nim?ne	мине mine	?ине hine	уны un?	бе??е be??e	?е??е he??e	улар?ы ular??
Locative	кемд? kemd?	ним?л? nim?l?	минд? mind?	?инд? hind?	унда unda	бе??? be???	?е??? he???	улар?а ular?a
Ablative	кемд?н kemd?n	ним?н?н nim?n?n	мин?н min?n	?ин?н hin?n	унан unan	бе???н be???n	?е???н he???n	улар?ан ular?an

Demonstrative pronouns

Case	Singular				Plural
	this		that		these		those
Nominative	был b?l	ошо o?o	шул ?ul	теге tege	былар b?lar	ошолар o?olar	шулар ?ular	тегел?р tegel?r
Genitive	быны? b?n??	ошоно? o?ono?	шуны? ?un??	тегене? tegene?	былар?ы? b?lar???	ошолар?ы? o?olar???	шулар?ы? ?ular???	тегел?р?е? tegel?r?e?
Dative	бы?а b??a	ошо?а o?o?a	шу?а ?u?a	тегег? tegeg?	былар?а b?lar?a	ошолар?а o?olar?a	шулар?а ?ular?a	тегел?рг? tegel?rg?
Accusative	быны b?n?	ошоно o?ono	шуны ?un?	тегене tegene	былар?ы b?lar??	ошолар?ы o?olar??	шулар?ы ?ular??	тегел?р?е tegel?r?e
Locative	бында b?nda	ошонда o?onda	шунда ?unda	тегенд? tegend?	былар?а b?lar?a	ошолар?а o?olar?a	шулар?а ?ular?a	тегел?р?? tegel?r??
Ablative	бынан b?nan	ошонан o?onan	шунан ?unan	теген?н tegen?n	былар?ан b?lar?an	ошолар?ан o?olar?an	шулар?ан ?ular?an	тегел?р??н tegel?r??n

See also

• Bashkir alphabet
• Bashkir–Russian code-switching

Further reading

• Poppe, Nicholas (1997) [1964]. Bashkir Manual. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7007-0836-9.
• Грамматика современного башкирского литературного языка (in Russian). Москва: Наука. 1981.
• Дмитриев, Н. К. (1948). Грамматика башкирского языка (in Russian). Из-во АН СССР.

External links

• National Corpus of the Bashkir language Archived 3 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
• Machine fund of the Bashkir language
• Spoken corpus of Bashkir (Rakhmetovo and Baimovo) Archived 2025-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
• Short grammar of Bashkir