《天涯明月刀》游戏介绍

Ume Sámi
ubmejesámiengi?lla
Native to	Sweden
Native speakers	(100 cited 2000)
Language family	Uralic Sámi Western Southwestern Ume Sámi
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sju
Glottolog	umes1235
ELP	Ume Saami
Ume Sami language area (red) within Sápmi (grey)
Ume Saami is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

百度 三．净值标降低杠杆问题经过平台多次风险宣传教育，投资者目前普遍比较理性，5倍以上高杠杆人数已经大幅降低，5倍以上的杠杆将是今年上半年的降杠杆重点；公司内部评估，目前净值标整体风险可控，随着不良资产的回收，净值标整体规模也会大幅度降低；另外近期将试行资产包转让，让流动性充分的客户承接资产，化解高杠杆用户的流动性难题，降低净值标的整体杠杆率，最大限度满足监管要求。

Ume Sámi (Ume Sami: Ubmejesámiengi?lla, Norwegian: Umesamisk, Swedish: Umesamiska) is a Sámi language spoken in Sweden and formerly in Norway. According to UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010), there are fewer than 20 speakers of Ume Sami. It was spoken mainly along the Ume River in the south of present-day Arjeplog, in Sorsele and in Arvidsjaur.

Dialects

The best documented variety of Ume Sami is that of one Lars Sjulsson (born 1871) from Setsele, close to Mal?, whose idiolect was documented by W. Schlachter in a 1958 dictionary and subsequent work. Dialect variation exists within the Ume Sami area, however. A main division is between more (north)western dialects such as those of Maskaure, T?rna and Ullisjaure (typically agreeing with Southern Sami), versus more (south)eastern dialects such as those of Mal?, Malmesjaure and Mausjaure (typically agreeing with Pite Sami).

Feature	Western Ume Sami	Eastern Ume Sami	Notes
original *e?	/r?/	/e?/
accusative singular ending	-p	-w	from Proto-Samic *-m
word for 'eagle'	(h)àr???	àrtn?s

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	?	?
Plosive		p	t		k
Affricate			t?s	t??
Fricative	voiceless	v	s	?		h
	voiced		e
Trill			r
Approximant			l	j

[f, ?] and [θ] are allophones of /v/ and /e/, respectively. When a /h/ sound occurs before a plosive or an affricate sound, they are then realized as preaspirated sounds. If an /l/ sound occurs before a /j/ sound, it is realized as a palatal lateral [?] sound. Some western dialects of the language lack the /e/ phoneme.

Vowels

	Front			Central		Back
	short		long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	y	i?	?	??	u	u?
Mid	e		e?			o	o?
Open				a	a?

Four diphthongs are included; /ie/, /y?/, /?i/, /uo/. A schwa sound /?/ may exist as an allophone of various vowel sounds.

Writing system

Until 2010, Ume Sámi did not have an official written standard, although it was the first Sámi language to be written extensively (because a private Christian school for Sámi children started in Lycksele 1632, where Ume Sámi was spoken). The New Testament was published in Ume Sámi in 1755 and the first Bible in Sámi was also published in Ume Sámi, in 1811.

The current official orthography is maintained by the Working Group for Ume Sámi, whose most recent recommendation was published in 2016.

Letter/Digraph	Phoneme(s)
A a	/?/
á á	/ɑ?/
B b	/p/
D d	/t/
? ?	/e/
E e	/e/, /e?/
F f	/f/
G g	/k/
H h	/h/
I i	/i/
? ?	/?/
J j	/j/
K k	/hk/, /k/
L l	/l/
M m	/m/
N n	/n/
? ?	/?/
O o	/o/ (only in diphthongs)
P p	/hp/, /p/
R r	/r/
S s	/s/
T t	/ht/, /t/
Tj tj	/t?/
? ?	/θ/
U u	/u/, /u?/
ü ü	/?/, /??/
V v	/v/
Y y	/y/
? ?	/o/, /??/
? ?	/??/
? ?	/?/ (only in diphthongs)

Shortcomings:

• Vowel length is ambiguous for the letters ?u?, ?ü? and ???. In reference works, the length is indicated by a macron (?ū?, ?ǖ?, ????). In older orthographies, length could be indicated by writing a double vowel.
• No distinction is made between long and overlong consonants, both being written with a double consonant letter. In reference works, the overlong stops are indicated with a vertical line (?b?b?, ?d?d? etc.)

Grammar

Consonant gradation

Unlike its southern neighbor Southern Sámi, Ume Sámi has consonant gradation. However, gradation is more limited than it is in the more northern Sami languages, because it does not occur in the case of short vowels followed by a consonant that can gradate to quantity 1 (that is, Proto-Samic single consonants or geminates). In these cases, only quantity 3 appears. Consonant clusters can gradate regardless of the preceding vowel.

Cases

Ume Sámi has 8 cases:

1. Nominative
2. Accusative
3. Genitive
4. Illative
5. Inessive
6. Elative
7. Comitative
8. Essive

Pronouns

Like other Sámi languages, Ume Sámi distinguishes pronouns in three numbers but not in gender. There are different words for “we”, “you”, and “they” depending on whether the referent is the two of us, the two of you, the two of them (dual) or if it includes more than two (three or more).

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	m?nna	m?nnije	m?jjah
2nd person	d?dna	d?j	d?jjah
3rd person	s?dna	s?j	s?jjah

Verbs

Persons and numbers

Verbs in Ume Sámi encode three persons, first, second and third. As with pronouns, verbs also enconde the three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural.

Tense, Mood, and aspect

Verbs in Ume Sámi encode two tenses, present and past, and two grammatical moods: indicative and imperative.

Negative verb

Ume Sámi, like all Finnic and other Sámi languages, has a negative verb. In Ume Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative and imperative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural).

Lexicon

Kinship terms

Kinship terms in Ume Sámi mostly descend from proto-Uralic or proto-Samic (see below). As in many Uralic languages, the word for “son” is a borrowing, in Ume Sámi bárnnie, is also borrowed from Germanic barna.

Nuclear family

	mother	father	daughter	son	sister	brother
Ume Sámi	e?dnie	áhttjie	ne?jdda	bárnnie	?bbá	ve?llja
Northern Sámi	eadni	áh??i	nieida	bárdni	oabbá	viellja
Skolt Sámi	je?′n'n ~ jie′n'n	e′? ~ ee′?	nijdd (ni??)	p?′rnn	vu?′b'b	villj ~ vi′llj
Finnish	?iti (em?)	is?	tyt?r	poika	sisko	veli
Komi	мам (mam)	ай (aj)	ныв (n?v)	детина (djetina)	соч (so?)	вок (vok)

For extended family members, Ume Sámi distinguishes not only the relationship to ego, but also their gender, sometimes their age and their own relationship to one's nuclear family.

Extended family
Grandmother	maternal		tjidtjáhkká, áhkká
	paternal		áhtjáhkká, áhkká
Grandfather	maternal		tjidtjájjá, ájjá
	paternal		áhtjájjá, ájjá
Aunt	maternal	older than mother	g?sskie
		younger than mother	muahrrá ~ muah??a
	paternal		si?ssá
Uncle	maternal		jy?nna
	paternal	older than father	jiehkie
		younger than father	tjiehtsie
Niece or Nephew	sister's child		ni?hpáde
	brother's child		si?ssale
Cousin			lávvie

Reindeer husbandry words

Traditionally, the Sámi are reindeer herders, and as such, Sámi languages have developed a wide vocabulary with terms to describe both the animal and actions related to its husbandry. These terms describe not only gender and age but also their color, their position in the herd, and others. Below are only some of the underived words, and many other possibilities exist in compounds, especially with -tjuoke and -ahkka as head words: gi?tjuoke “untamed reindeer”, ruadtjuoke, “a reindeer that digs after urine”, tj?natahkka “a reindeer that is tied to a sledge”, lijrestahkka “a reindeer that one leads”, etc.

General types of reindeer

reindeer	gifted reindeer	lone reindeer	straggler reindeer	castrated reindeer
b?tsuoj	bánieke	ve?jssa	s?jbba	gáskieke

Transcription	Swedish translation	English translation
B?tsuoj-bie?juv galggá báddie-gietjiesna álggiet lieratit. De tjuavrrá jiehtja viegadit ráddiesta ráddáje jah nav ájaj livva-sijiesna, guh jiehtják súhph. Die galggá daina báddie-bie?jijne viegadit bijrra ieluon, nav júhtie bieg?ja galggá vu?jdniet gúktie almatjh gelggh dahkat. Lierruo-bieg?ja daggár b?lij vánatallá ieluon bijrra ja ij akttak bijg?uolissa lu?jtieh. Die m?ddie bálliena daggár bieg?ja, juhka ij le?h ?llást lieratuvvama, die butsijda válldá ja dulvada. De daggár b?lij tjuavrrá suv báddáje válldiet jah sl?vvat.	Renhunden ska man b?rja l?ra i koppel. D? m?ste man sj?lv springa fr?n den ena kanten till den andra (av renhjorden) och s? ocks? p? (renarnas) viloplats, medan de andra ?ter. D? ska man med den d?r bandhunden springa runt hjorden, s? att hunden ser, hur folket g?r. L?rohunden springer en s?dan g?ng runt hjorden och l?ter ingen undslippa. S? finns det ofta s?dana hundar, som inte har l?rt sig helt, som tar n?gon ren och jagar iv?g den. D? m?ste man en s?dan g?ng s?tta band p? den och sl? den.	A reindeer herding dog must begin its training with a leash. Then one has to run from one side [of the herd] to the other and also on the area where they [the reindeer] rest, while others are eating. One must run around the herd with the dog [to be trained] on a leash, so that the dog sees how people do it. The trained dog then runs around the herd and does not allow any to slip away. Then there are often dogs that are not fully trained [and] who single out a reindeer and drive it away [i.e. to kill it]. Then one must put a leash on that [dog] and strike it.

See also

• Sámi people

External links

• Sámi lottit Names of birds found in Sápmi in a number of languages, including Skolt Sámi and English. Search function only works with Finnish input though.