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The National Principles (Malay: Rukun Negara; Jawi: ?????? ?????) is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to the 13 May race riots, which occurred in 1969.[1] The riots proved at that time that Malaysian racial balance and stability was fragile. Immediately thereafter, the Malaysian government sought ways to foster unity among the various races in Malaysia. Therefore, the National Principles were formed.
The word Rukun Negara can refer to the whole declaration, the words after the preamble (beginning Maka kami...) or the five principles alone.
The formulation of the National Principles were the efforts of the Malay: Majlis Perundingan Negara, lit. 'National Consultative Council', headed by Tun Abdul Razak. The aim of the Rukun Negara is to create harmony and unity among the various races in Malaysia.[2] Thereafter, the New Economic Policy (1971–1990) was launched in 1971, with the aim of creating unity among the various races in Malaysia, through economic equality, via the reduction of the economic gap among the Malays and Bumiputera, with that of the Chinese and Indian communities in Malaysia.
The principles bears similarity to the Pancasila national ideology/philosophy of neighbouring Indonesia.[3]
History
[edit]13 May Incident
[edit]On the 13 May 1969, three days after the 3rd general election – in which opposition parties made gains at the expense of the ruling coalition – a racial riot occurred in the nation, mainly in Kuala Lumpur. According to the government's report, 196 people were killed during the riot,[4] while Western diplomatic sources suggested a toll close to 600.[5] The riot had led to the government declaring a state of national emergency in the country and imposing a nationwide curfew.
Following the declaration of emergency, the National Operations Council (NOC) or Majlis Gerakan Malaysia (MAGERAN) in Malay was formed and acted as the administrative body of the country for the following 18 months. With the aim of restoring law and order in the country, the NOC implemented various security measures nationwide, these included the suspension of newspaper publications, arrests of several individuals and the suspension of certain parts of the constitution.[6][7][8]
Formation of National Consultative Council
[edit]The National Consultative Council, (NCC, Malay: Majlis Perundingan Negara) was formed in January 1970.[9] The council consisted of the ministers of the NOC, representatives from state governments, political parties, press, trade unions, religious, social and professional groups in Malaysia.[10][11] The council was tasked to discuss and propose solutions on issues regarding national unity, as well as formulating positive and practical guidelines that encourages national integration and racial unity to build a shared national identity amongst Malaysians.[12] Discussions on the Rukun Negara was made on the council's second meeting, with its members providing suggestions to the draft prepared by the Department of National Unity and its Research Advisory Group.[13][14]
A committee on Rukun Negara, chaired by Tun Tan Siew Sin, was formed at the same meeting.[15] Other members of the committee includes Ghazali Shafie, Syed Hussein Alatas and Datuk Harun Idris. Aside from the initial 12 members, several individuals had also attended the council's meeting and contributed to the drafting of Rukun Negara, including former Lord President of the Malaysian Supreme Court, Salleh Abas,[16] and historian Khoo Kay Kim.[17] The first meeting of the committee was held at the Treasury Operations Room, Kuala Lumpur on March 31, 1970, while a second meeting was held on May 17.
At the first meeting, a concept known as "Pillars of the Nation" was proposed and was later incorporated into the Rukun Negara, the Pillars were:[18][19]
- Ketuhanan (Belief in God or Supreme Being)
- Kesetiaan (Loyalty)
- Keadilan (Justice)
- Kewarganegaraan (Citizenship)
- Keutuhan (Integrity of the Nation)
- Kebahagiaan (Well-being)
- Kesopanan (Canons of Decency)
After discussing with its members, the committee submitted a document regarding the Rukun Negara draft to the NCC and NOC for its consideration and approval. The document suggested some changes on the initial draft, such as replacing "Menjujung Perlembagaan" with "Keluhuran Perlembagaan".[20] It was reviewed and discussed by the NCC before it was finally passed by the NOC on 13 August 1970 after some modifications.[21]
Declaration
[edit]The Rukun Negara was declared officially by the fourth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu on August 31, 1970, which is the Malaysian Independence Day. The declaration was held on the 13th Independence Day celebration at Dataran Merdeka (formerly known as Selangor Club Padang).[22][23] The celebration was themed "Muhibbah dan Perpaduan" (Goodwill and Unity) and the government changed the term "Independence Day" (Hari Merdeka) to "National Day" (Hari Kebangsaan) to promote national unity.[24]
Promoting the Rukun Negara
[edit]On September 2, 1970, a meeting on the distribution of Rukun Negara was held in the Parliament Building. The meeting was presided by Dr. Agoes Salim, the Head of the Research Unit of the National Unity Department. It was decided by the attendees of the meeting that the Malay version of the text shall be the original, while the others as translations of the text. The recitation of the Rukun Negara was encouraged on official events and the text should be recited on the State Opening of the Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies. It was also proposed that a textbook on Rukun Negara should be provided to students, especially during the subject of Tatacara.[25]
A brochure (buku risalah) was published and distributed by the Department of Information on the day of declaration of Rukun Negara.[19] A pocket-sized version was also made for both the Malay and English version of the text. The Malay version was reprinted on 1983 following the new spelling system.[26]
The Ministry of Information was responsible for distributing, promoting and explaining the Rukun Negara to the public. A three-day seminar was held to explain the content and meaning of Rukun Negara to all the ministry's officers.[19] One of the writers of the declaration, Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie, also gave a talk on the annual general meeting of the department's Union of Employees regarding the Rukun Negara.[19][27] Several promotional videos were also produced from time to time to be played on television, such as Towards National Unity by the National Film Department of Malaysia[28] and the video for the Today in History programme (Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah) by the national archives.[29]
Rukun Negara text
[edit]| Original Malay texts | English translation |
|---|---|
|
BAHAWASANYA NEGARA KITA MALAYSIA mendukung cita-cita hendak:
MAKA KAMI, rakyat Malaysia, berikrar akan menumpukan seluruh tenaga dan usaha kami untuk mencapai cita-cita tersebut berdasarkan atas prinsip-prinsip yang berikut:
|
WHEREAS OUR COUNTRY, MALAYSIA nurtures the ambitions of:
NOW THEREFORE, we, the people of Malaysia, pledge to concentrate our energy and efforts to achieve these ambitions based on the following principles:
|
Recitation
[edit]It is a norm for primary and secondary public schools in Malaysia to recite the pledge weekly during a compulsory assembly. Pledge reading follows immediately after the singing of the Malaysian national anthem, Negaraku. Of some interest, the Rukun Negara could usually be found behind the cover of every exercise book that is typically used by primary and secondary Malaysian public school students.[30] This is primarily a move recognised to have been formulated to emulate the similar tactic introduced by the Singapore government immediately after its expulsion from the Malaysian federation in 1965.
On 8 December 2005, the Malaysian government has made reading of the pledge compulsory at official functions. The announcement was made a few months after the government made singing of the national anthem as compulsory at every official function.[31]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "MyGOV - The Government of Malaysia's Official Portal". www.malaysia.gov.my. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Jeong, Chun Hai, 1973- (2007). Principles of public administration : an introduction. Nor Fadzlina Nawi. Shah Alam, Selangor: Karisma Publications. ISBN 978-983-195-253-5. OCLC 298421717.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Rukun Negara and Pancasila: The parallels". www.astroawani.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "The National Operations Council (1970). The May 13 Tragedy: A Report" (PDF). Obtained from Malaysian Form 5 History Textbook's publisher, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "RACE WAR IN MALAYSIA". 18 May 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ Vorys, Karl Von (19 April 2016). Democracy Without Consensus. ISBN 978-0-691-64475-2.
- ^ Kua, Kia Soong (2007). May 13: Declassified Documents on the Malaysian Riots of 1969. SUARAM. ISBN 978-983-41367-6-5.
- ^ Ramraj, Victor V.; Thiruvengadam, Arun K. (2010). Emergency Powers in Asia: Exploring the Limits of Legality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76890-0.
- ^ "Revisiting the National Consultative Council". Malaysiakini. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 11.
- ^ Shome, Tony (2 August 2004). Malay Political Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78933-6.
- ^ "HIDS - Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah". hids.arkib.gov.my. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "KENYATAAN MAPEN, 4 Mac 1970". rn50.arkib.gov.my. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 30.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 21.
- ^ Wednesday, 19 Aug 2020 10:25 AM MYT. "Rukun Negara 'not plucked from the air', says Salleh Abas | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Sumbangan Kay Kim gubal Rukun Negara terus dihargai". Retrieved 24 June 2021 – via PressReader.
- ^ "KERTAS "PILLARS OF THE NATION"". rn50.arkib.gov.my. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 27.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 30.
- ^ "KENYATAAN MAPEN, 18 JUN 1970". rn50.arkib.gov.my. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "HIDS - Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah". hids.arkib.gov.my. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 36.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 45.
- ^ 50 Fakta Rukun Negara (PDF) (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 2020. p. 51.
- ^ "BUKU RISALAH RUKUN NEGARA". Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "CERAMAH RUKUN NEGARA". rn50.arkib.gov.my. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ Ke Arah Perpaduan, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 25 June 2021
- ^ Rukun Negara: Ideologi Nasional, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 25 June 2021
- ^ "Rukun Negara bukan sekadar di kulit belakang buku - KSU KPM". Berita Harian. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ "Reciting of rukun negara now a must at official functions". Bernama. 8 December 2005.
- Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2012). Principles of Public Administration: Malaysian Perspectives. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson. ISBN 978-967-349-233-6
- Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim. (2007). Fundamental of Development Administration. Selangor: Scholar Press. ISBN 978-967-5-04508-0
External links
[edit]- Rukun Negara Campaign (MP3)
- Rukun Negara on Malaysian Government Portal
- Rukun Negara 50th Anniversary Webpage Archived from the original.
- Documentary released by Bernama on the 50th Anniversary of Rukun Negara (Episode 1) (Episode 2)