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| Marduk-zakir-?umi I | |
|---|---|
| King of Babylon | |
 Marduk-zakir-shumi I, on the Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum | |
| Reign | c. 855 – 819 BC |
| Predecessor | Nab?-apla-iddina |
| Successor | Marduk-balāssu-iqbi |
| House | Dynasty of E |
Marduk-zakir-?umi (inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-za-kir-MU in a reconstruction of two kinglists,[i 1][i 2] 'Marduk pronounced the name',[1]) was a king of Babylon from 855 to 819 BC during the mixed dynastic period referred to in antiquity as the dynasty of E. He was a contemporary of the Assyrian kings, Salmānu-a?arēdu III (commonly known as Shalmaneser III)[i 3] (859–824 BC) and ?am?i-Adad V (824–811 BC) with whom he was allied.[i 4]
Biography
[edit]
There are few contemporary inscriptions bearing witness to his reign. A kudurru[i 6] granting Ibni-I?tar, a kal?-priest of the temple of Eanna in Uruk, land by Marduk-zakir-?umi, is dated to his second year.[2] Nazi-Enlil was governor or ?andabakku (inscribed LúGú.EN.NA) of Nippur, the first appearance of this office since Kassite times, as he appears as a witness along with the crown prince, Marduk-balāssu-iqbi. A second kudurru records a private land sale near Dilbat.[i 5] His son, Enlil-apla-u?ur, was to succeed him in Marduk-balāssu-iqbi’s reign.[i 7] A lapis lazuli seal of this king depicting Marduk's statue resting on his pet dragon, Mu??u??u, was an offering intended to be hung around an idol's neck.[3]
Marduk-bēl-u?ati’s revolt
[edit]
His younger brother, Marduk-bēl-u?ati (inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-EN-ú-sat), rebelled and established a brief regime in the Diyāla region, seizing Daban.[i 8] Assyrian sources describe him as ?ar ?ammā’i, "usurper." During years 851 and 850 BC, the Assyrian king Salmānu-a?arēdu III came to Marduk-zakir-?umi‘s aid (ana nīrārūti?u) and campaigned in concert[nb 1] to force him to flee to the Jasubu mountainous region northeast, area of lower Diyāla. During the first of the campaigns, Marduk-bēl-u?ati made a stand at Ganannate but was defeated outside the city walls. He was able to take refuge within the city which remained unconquered. The second campaign resulted in the city’s fall and he beat a hasty retreat with some of his officers, escaping "like a fox through a hole" to the city of Arman (?alman) which itself was taken after a siege.[4] Salmānu-a?arēdu left an account of these events on his Black Obelisk:
In the eighth year of my reign, Marduk-bêl-usate, the younger brother, revolted against Marduk-zakir-?umi, king of Kardunia?, and they divided the land in its entirety. In order to avenge Marduk-zakir-?umi, I marched out and captured Mê-Turnat. In the ninth year of my reign, I marched against Akkad a second time. I besieged Ganannate. As for Marduk-bêl-usate, the terrifying splendor of Assur and Marduk overcame him and he went up into the mountains to save his life. I pursued him. I cut down with the sword Marduk-bêl-usate and the rebel army officers who were with him.
—?Salmānu-a?arēdu, Black Obelisk[i 9]
During his campaign, Salmānu-a?arēdu captured the city of Baqani, extracting tribute from Adini of Bit-Dakkuri,[i 10] also from Mu?allim-Marduk of the Amukani and the leader of the Yakin tribes, the earliest attestation of these Chaldean groups and made a pilgrimage to Babylon where he recounted "I ascended to Esagila, the palace of the gods, the abode of the king of all …"[nb 2][5] He practiced his religious devotions at other cultic shrines as his Black Obelisk recalls “I went to the great urban centers. I made sacrifices in Babylon, Borsippa and Kutha.”[nb 3][6] A relief from the front of his throne base[i 11] depicts him gripping Marduk-zakir-?umi’s hand in a public display of Assyro-Babylonian friendship.[5] The kings are flanked by beardless youths identified as the crown princes and presumed to be ?am?i-Adad V and Marduk-balāssu-iqbi, who would eventually come to conflict.
Babylonian intervention in the Assyrian succession
[edit]
The opportunity came for Marduk-zakir-?umi to return the favor when, in his 32nd year of rule, c. 826 BC, Salmānu-a?arēdu's own son, A??ur-danin-apli ("A??ur has strengthened the son") rebelled against his father. ?am?i-Adad V recalled:
Where [my brother] A??ur-danin-apli, in the time of Salmānu-a?arēdu, his father, acted wickedly, bringing about sedition, rebellion, and wicked plotting, caused the land to rise in revolt, prepared for war, brought the people of Assyria, north and south, to his side, and made bold speeches, brought the cities into the rebellion and set his face to begin strife and battle… 27 cities, along with their fortifications… revolted against Salmānu-a?arēdu, king of the four regions of the world, my father, and… had gone to the side of A??ur-danin-apli.[7]
—??am?i-Adad V, Annals
The Synchronistic History remains curiously silent on these events, but a treaty[i 12] between ?am?i-Adad and Marduk-zakir-?umi seems to place the Assyrian in an inferior position, indicative of his reliance on and debt to the Babylonian king. It concludes with a series of curses apparently copied from the Code of Hammurabi[8] and notably omitting the god A??ur:
(May Marduk) destroy his country, smite his people [through hunge]r and famine. May Anu, fath]er of the gods, break his scepter. (May Illil) determine as his [fate] a reign of exhaustion, scarce days, years of fa[mine]. [Ma]y Ea ... dam [his] rivers [at the source]. (May ?ama?) overturn his kingship. "(May ?ama?) not j[udge] his lawsuit ([May S?n]) [bring to an end (days, months and) years of] his [rei]gn in sighing and [moaning]. [May Adad deprive him of rai]n from heaven and of seasonal flooding from the underground water. (May Adad) [turn] his [country] into [ruin mounds left by a flood].[9]
—??am?i-Adad/Marduk-zakir-?umi treaty, lines 18–35 edited
It may well have been concluded while Salmānu-a?arēdu was still alive and been accompanied by the diplomatic marriage of Marduk-zakir-?umi's daughter, Shammuramat, the inspiration for the legend of Semiramis, to ?am?i-Adad. The consequences were, however, that ?am?i-Adad resented his subordinate position and came to wreak a terrible revenge during the reign of Marduk-zakir-?umi's son and heir, Marduk-balāssu-iqbi.
See also
[edit]Inscriptions
[edit]ABC Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Grayson, 1975); AfO Archiv für Orientforschungen; AO siglum of objects in the collection of the Musée du Louvre; BM Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum; IM National Museum of Iraq (Baghdad); K. Kouyunjik collection, British Museum; Rm Rassam collection, British Museum; KAV Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen (Schroeder, 1920); ND prefix of field numbers, excavations at Nimrud 1949–63; RA Revue d'Assyriologie; SAA State Archives of Assyria; VA Vorderasiatische Abetilung, Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin; VAT Vorderasiatische Abetilung, Tontafel, siglum of tablets in Vorderasiatisches wing of the Pergamon Museum, Berlin; VS Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkm?ler (Ungnad, 1907).
- ^ Synchronistic Kinglist KAV 10 (VAT 11261) ii 9.
- ^ Synchronistic Kinglist KAV 182 (Ass. 13956dh) iii 12.
- ^ Synchronistic Kinglist, KAV 216 (Ass. 14616c), iii 20.
- ^ Eclectic Chronicle (ABC 24) BM 27859 reverse (r 5-7).
- ^ a b Kudurru VA 208, published as VS I 35.
- ^ a b Kudurru AO 6684, published as RA 16 (1919) 125–126.
- ^ 4 N-T 3:11'.
- ^ Synchronistic Chronicle (ABC 21), K4401a + Rm 854, iii 27-35.
- ^ Black Obelisk, BM WAA 118885, crafted c. 827 BC, lines 73–84
- ^ Door fitting from the Balawat Gates, BM 124660.
- ^ ND 1 1000 = IM 65574, throne base from Fort Shalmaneser (Nimrud).
- ^ Stone tablet of treaty, Rm.II 427 (Weidner, AfO 8 (1932–33) 27-29; SAA II 001).
Notes
[edit]External links
[edit]- Kuddurru of the Babylonian King Marduk-Zakir-Shumi, Iran, Late Assyrian Period, circa 850 BC[usurped] baghdadmuseum.org. 2006. Retrieved on 2025-08-05.
References
[edit]- ^ ?umu 1c CAD ? III p. 289.
- ^ F. Thureau-Dangin (1919). "Un acte de donation de Marduk-zākir-?umi". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale. 16: 117–141.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1968). A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C. Analecta Orientalia. pp. 192–205.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1999). "Marduk-bēl-u?ati". In Dietz Otto Edzard (ed.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Arch?ologie: Libanukasabas – Medizin. Walter De Gruyter. p. 376.
- ^ a b A. K. Grayson (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 B.C.) (RIMA 3). Toronto University Press. pp. 31, 26–28. iv 6.
- ^ A. K. Grayson (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles. J. J. Augustin. p. 245.
- ^ S. Wise Bauer (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 347–348.
- ^ R. Borger (1965). "Marduk-zākir-?umi I und der Kodex ?ammurabi". Orentialia. New Series. 34: 168–169.
- ^ Carlo Zaccagnini. "Notes on the Pazarcik Stela". SAAB. VII (1): 59–60.
